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13: Crystal Structures

Last updated

Jul 6, 2022
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- 12.2.3: Other Analytical Techniques
- 13.1: The Impact of X-ray Crystallography

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13.1.jpg — Figure 13.1: The atomic arrangements in quartz and sodalite

KEY CONCEPTS

The development of X-ray diffraction techniques allowed mineralogists and chemists to directly investigate the nature of crystal structures.
Minerals have highly ordered and repetitive atomic arrangements.
We can model many crystal structures as being spherical atoms held together by ionic bonds.
Ionic crystals contain anions packed around cations and vice versa.
The key controls on ionic bonds are ionic size and charge.
An atom’s coordination number is the number of other atoms that it bonds to.
Most common cations bond to 3, 4, 6, or 8 anions; alkalis and other large ions bond to more.
The strength of an ionic bond is an ion’s charge divided by its coordination number.
Atoms pack tightly together in some minerals; in others, atoms are in networks with geometric shapes.
Compositional variations in silicate minerals are directly related to the nature of the crystallographic sites in their structures.

13.1: The Impact of X-ray Crystallography
13.2: Ionic Crystals
13.3: Closest Packing
13.4: Pauling’s Rules
In 1929, Linus Pauling summarized five general rules that apply to ionic structures. The rules, now called Pauling’s Rules, provide a convenient framework for examining some details of ionic structures.
13.5: Oxygen and Other Common Elements
13.6: Silicate Structures in General
13.7: Structures of the Basic Silicate Subclasses
13.8: Structures and Chemistry of Nonsilicates

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