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13.4.1: Pauling’s First Rule

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    Pauling’s first rule, sometimes called the Radius Ratio Principle, states that the distance between cations and anions can be calculated from their effective ionic radii, and that cation coordination number depends on the relative ratio of cation and surrounding anion radii. In essence, this rule says that very small cations will bond to only a few anions, while very large cations may bond to many anions. In other words, as the radius of the cation increases, so too will the coordination number.

    13.15.jpg
    Figure 13.15: Calculating radius rations for different coordinations

    Figure 13.15a shows the limiting case when a cation just fits into the opening between three touching anions. Application of the Pythagorean theorem, which is a bit complicated, reveals that the ratio of cation radius to anion radius (Rc/Ra) = 0.155.

    Figure 13.15b shows four touching anions with a cation between. If additional anions are directly above and below the cation, the cation is in perfect octahedral coordination. Application of the Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle reveals the ratio of cation radius to anion radius (Rc/Ra) to be 0.414. This value is the square root of 2 minus 1.

    Figure 13.15c shows similar calculations for a cation in cubic coordination. (Rc/Ra) comes out to be 0.732. This value is the square root of 3 minus 1. We can make similar, though more complicated, calculations for cations in other coordinations. It should not be surprising, however, that the (Rc/Ra) value for perfect dodecahedral coordination is the square root of 4 minus 1 = 1. The pattern involving square roots is because the calculations all involve the Pythagorean theorem.

    As coordination number increases, space between anions increases, and the size of the cation that fits increases. Pauling argued, therefore, that as Rc/Ra increases, cations will move from 2- or 3-fold to higher coordinations in atomic structures. He further argued that stretching a polyhedron to hold a cation larger than ideal might be possible. However, it was unlikely, he said, that a polyhedron would be stable if cations were smaller than ideal. In nature, the upper limits given for various coordinations are sometimes stretched; the lower ones are rarely violated. The table below summarizes the different limiting ratios for different coordinations.

    Rc/Ra and Coordination of Cations
    Rc/Ra expected coordination coordination number
    <0.15 2-fold coordination 2
    0.15
    0.15– 0.22
    perfect triangular coordination
    triangular coordination
    3
    0.22
    0.22– 0.41
    perfect tetrahedral coordination
    tetrahedral coordination
    4
    0.41
    0.41– 0.73
    perfect octahedral coordination
    octahedral coordination
    6
    0.73
    0.73– 1.0
    perfect cubic coordination
    cubic coordination
    8
    13.16.png
    Figure 13.16: Halite with Na+ and Cl in 6-fold (octahedral) coordination

    As an example of application of Pauling’s first rule, let’s take another look at halite. The radii of Na+ and Cl in octahedral coordination are 1.08Å and 1.72Å. The radius ratio, Rc/Ra, is 1.08/1.72 = 0.63. Thus we can expect the cation Na+ to be in octahedral (6-fold) coordination, consistent with the model shown here in Figure 13.16 (and in Figure 13.5a). If Na+ is in 6-fold coordination, Cl must be as well, since the structure contains an equal number of both.

    For a video discussing coordination polyhedra and the coordinations of cations in olivine (an example of application of Pauling’s Rule #1), click on the link below:
    blankVideo 13-2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUmTK0hI5EA (8 minutes)


    This page titled 13.4.1: Pauling’s First Rule is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Dexter Perkins via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.