Historical Geology (Bentley et al.)
- Page ID
- 20321
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)This textbook is intended for undergraduate courses in Earth history. It was written by Callan Bentley, Karen Layou, Russ Kohrs, Shelley Jaye, Matt Affolter, and Brian Ricketts. It is a work in progress.
- Front Matter
- 1: What is Historical Geology?
- 2: A Brief History of Earth
- 3: Earth as a System
- 4: Earth Materials - The Rock Forming Minerals
- 5: Earth Materials - Rocks
- 6: Plate Tectonics
- 7: Geologic Time
- 8: Evolution Part I - The Theory
- 9: Taphonomy - The Science of Death and Decay
- 10: Innovations of Life Through Time - Life Finds a Way
- 11: Mass Extinctions
- 12: Stratigraphy - The Pages of Earth's Past
- 13: Using Sedimentary Structures to Interpret Ancient Environments
- 14: Facies
- 15: Paleoclimatology
- 16: (Case Study) Nebular theory and the formation of the solar system
- 17: (Case Study) Earth's oldest rocks
- 18: (Case Study) Greenstone belts - primordial tectonics
- 19: (Case Study) Starting tectonics and making the first continents
- 20: (Case Study) Snowball Earth glaciations
- 21: (Case Study) Endosymbiosis
- 22: (Case Study) Discovering plate tectonics
- 23: (Case Study) The Grenville Orogeny and the rifting of Rodinia
- 24: (Case Study) Tippecanoe Sequence - A sequence stratigraphic view
- 25: (Case Study) The Taconian Orogeny
- 26: (Case Study) California’s Coast Ranges - a Mesozoic accretionary wedge complex
- 27: (Case Study) The mixed-up quartzites of Cape Agulhas
- 28: (Case Study) Palimpsest outcrops
- 29: (Case Study) Extremadura - interpreting a geological cross-section
- 30: (Case Study) Diversity in the marine fossil record
- 31: (Case Study) Reptile radiation
- 32: (Case Study) Dinosaur classification
- 33: (Case Study) Dino Debates - dinosaur ecological controversies
- 34: (Case Study) Western Mesozoic orogenies
- 35: (Case Study) San Andreas Fault and the Basin and Range
- 36: (Case Study) The Parallel "Roads" of Glen Roy
- 37: (Case Study) The Channeled Scablands of eastern Washington
- 38: (Case Study) The interplay of carbon and oxygen cycles in Earth history
- 39: (Case Study) Quaternary Quandaries - defining the geologic "now" and explorations of the Anthropocene
- 40: (Case Study) Human Evolution
- 41: (Case Study) Big Bang (coming soon)
- 42: (Case Study) Crust formation and evolution and differentiation (coming soon)
- 43: (Case Study) Moon forming impact (coming soon)
- 44: (Case Study) Ocean formation and evolution (coming soon)
- 45: (Case Study) Atmosphere formation and evolution, oxygenation (coming soon)
- 46: (Case Study) Origin of life (coming soon)
- 47: (Case Study) A history of fossil plants (coming soon)
- 48: (Case Study) Sauk/early Paleozoic transgression (coming soon)
- 49: (Case Study) The Acadian Orogeny (coming soon)
- 50: (Case Study) The Alleghanian Orogeny (coming soon)
- 51: (Case Study) Large igneous provinces / Flood basalts (coming soon)
- 52: (Case Study) Pleistocene "Ice Ages" (coming soon)
- 53: (Case Study) Epicontinental seas - Pz, Mz, Cz (coming soon)
- 54: (Case Study) Carboniferous coal and natural gas - cyclothems (coming soon)
- 55: (Case Study) PETM (coming soon)
- 56: (Tools of the Trade) Earth Materials - Mineral identification
- 57: (Tools of the Trade) Evolution Part II - Paleontological applications
- 58: (Tools of the Trade) Sequence stratigraphy
- 59: (Tools of the Trade) Geologic structures
- 60: (Tools of the Trade) Geologic maps
- 61: (Tools of the Trade) Way-up structures
- 62: Virtual Field Experiences (VFEs)
- 63: Visual Sample Sets (VSSs)
- Back Matter
Thumbnail: Proposed map of pangaea. (CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported; via Wikipedia)