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- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/03%3A__Use_of_Isotope_Analysis_in_Measuring_Climate_ChangeYet the formation of CaCO 3 in shells in many cases is not in equilibrium and is in part determined by the concentration of the reactants, the rate of diffusion of ions into and out of the growing cal...Yet the formation of CaCO 3 in shells in many cases is not in equilibrium and is in part determined by the concentration of the reactants, the rate of diffusion of ions into and out of the growing calcite shell, which would also depend on salinity (affecting electrostatic attractions of the ions to the growing crystal), the pH (which affects the ratio of CO 3 2 − and HCO 3 − ) and biological effects (from the mechanism by which shells are formed which at some point may involve HCO 3 − transport…
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/17%3A__Turning_Trees_into_Plexiglass_-_Synthetic_Biology_For_Production_of_Green_Foods_and_ProductsCollectively, cattle by far require the most land use, as shown in the interactive graph of Our World In Data in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) below, which shows how many square meters are required to prod...Collectively, cattle by far require the most land use, as shown in the interactive graph of Our World In Data in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) below, which shows how many square meters are required to produce 1000 kcals (1000 cal in the dietary sense) of food from each food type listed.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/05%3A__Biofuels_A_-_Corn_and_Sugar_Cane_EthanolA recent study looked at the impact of a specific event, the adoption of the US Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) that regulate biofuels in the US (which produces about half of all the world's biofuels),...A recent study looked at the impact of a specific event, the adoption of the US Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) that regulate biofuels in the US (which produces about half of all the world's biofuels), on CO 2 emission from the significant increase in corn plant and corn ethanol the followed the adoption of the standard. . Using LCA based on a series of economic and environmental metrics, the model shows that bioethanol is not a panacea for CO 2 emissions and may be more detrimental than fossil …
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/08%3A__Biodiesel_Syngas_and_Bioaviation_fuelsA recent analysis shows that it would be possible to produce 30 billion gall/yr of cellulosic SAF by planting 23.2 Mha (Million hectares, about the size of the state of Wyoming) of marginal agricultur...A recent analysis shows that it would be possible to produce 30 billion gall/yr of cellulosic SAF by planting 23.2 Mha (Million hectares, about the size of the state of Wyoming) of marginal agricultural lands (about one-third of croplands and 2/3 noncrop lands) in the Midwest with miscanthus, with a net cost of $4.1/gal and assuming a carbon price of a $50/ t CO2e.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/01%3A_The_Basics_of_Climate_ChangeIn December 2023, a refinement of CO 2 , temperature, and sea level rise data since the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago was published. (The geological interval from 66 million years ago t...In December 2023, a refinement of CO 2 , temperature, and sea level rise data since the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago was published. (The geological interval from 66 million years ago to now is called the Cenzoic Era, and consists of 3 periods, the Paleogene until 23 MYA, followed by the Neogene until 2.6 MYA, followed by the Quaternary.) A group, the Cenozoic Carbon Dioxide Proxy Integration Project (CenCO2PIP) Consortium, reviewed and reevaluated all "proxy" measurements used t…
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/13%3A_Biochemistry_Climate_Change_and_Human_HealthAfter ligand-receptor binding, intracellular secondary messengers are activated and initiated downstream transduction, which generally induce the nuclear translocation of signaling-specific TFs and th...After ligand-receptor binding, intracellular secondary messengers are activated and initiated downstream transduction, which generally induce the nuclear translocation of signaling-specific TFs and the transcriptional regulation of EMT-related genes, such as CDH1 and CDH2, EMT TFs, and mesenchymal markers, accompanied by a series of alterations on cellular physiological or pathological activities (e.g., dysjunction of adherin junctions, cytoskeleton remodeling, and increase of cellular motility…
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/15%3A__Fixing_Carbon_FixationColi from a heterotroph to an autotroph in which its biomass (carbon reservoir) came from CO 2 . Formate (HCO 2 - ) was used as a source of reducing power (electrons) as it was oxidized by an added fo...Coli from a heterotroph to an autotroph in which its biomass (carbon reservoir) came from CO 2 . Formate (HCO 2 - ) was used as a source of reducing power (electrons) as it was oxidized by an added formate dehydrogenase to produce NADH for the autotropic fixation of CO 2 through the addition of Calvin cycle enzymes.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/11%3A__A_Warmer_World-_Temperature_Effects_On_Chemical_Reactionswhere k is the rate constant, E a is the activation energy, E a /RT is the average kinetic energy, and A is a constant (the "preexponential" factor). Hence the Q 10 value for the 10 0 range from 273-2...where k is the rate constant, E a is the activation energy, E a /RT is the average kinetic energy, and A is a constant (the "preexponential" factor). Hence the Q 10 value for the 10 0 range from 273-283K is different than the Q 10 value from 373-383K) . Q 10 for many reaction is around 2 (doubling of the reaction rate) - 3 (tripling the reaction rate) at physiological temperature . Q 10 =2 for a given E a only at one set of temperatures that differ by 10 o C.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/06%3A__Biofuels_B_-_Cellulosic_EthanolAnother reason for the slow decay of dead trees is the complex structure of the cell well, and in particular, the presence of a polymer called lignin, which stabilizes the cell wall and adds considera...Another reason for the slow decay of dead trees is the complex structure of the cell well, and in particular, the presence of a polymer called lignin, which stabilizes the cell wall and adds considerable barriers to the access of cellulose by added glycosidases. . The best three-component RC identified by LM includes the forming/breaking bonds involving the anomeric carbon, the forming/breaking bonds involving the transferring proton, and the orientation of the C3 hydroxyl of the +1 sugar.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/02%3A_Back_to_the_Present_and_Future_of_Climate_ChangeIf it rises to 450 ppm, as it assuredly will in the absence of carbon capture, it would require much less insolation, since the greenhouse effect of the higher CO 2 would warm the atmosphere The right...If it rises to 450 ppm, as it assuredly will in the absence of carbon capture, it would require much less insolation, since the greenhouse effect of the higher CO 2 would warm the atmosphere The right graph shows there is little chance of another ice age in the absence of large and sustained volcanic activity or asteroid impact that would lead to blocking of solar radiation.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/04%3A__Climate_Change_-_The_Carbon_Cycle_and_Carbon_ChemistryCalculated amounts of carbon found in the lithosphere (the solid part of the earth), the atmosphere (specifically the lower part, the troposphere), and the hydrosphere are shown. (The cryosphere, the ...Calculated amounts of carbon found in the lithosphere (the solid part of the earth), the atmosphere (specifically the lower part, the troposphere), and the hydrosphere are shown. (The cryosphere, the ice found in Greenland and Antarctica, is not shown).
