14: Marine Ecology
- Page ID
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CC14 Phototrophy, Light, and Nutrients: Phototrophy (which includes photosynthesis) and chemosynthesis are two processes by which simple chemical compounds are made into the organic compounds of living organisms and upon which all species are ultimately dependent. Phototrophy depends on the availability of light and can only take place in a shallow upper layer of water or on the shallow seafloor. Chemosynthesis does not use light energy but instead uses chemical energy from reduced compounds. Therefore, chemosynthesis can occur in all ocean environments in which oxygen is depleted, but these environments are very limited in extent in the present-day oceans.
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CC17 Species Diversity and Biodiversity: Biodiversity is an expression of the range of genetic diversity; species diversity; diversity in ecological niches and types of communities of organisms (ecosystem diversity); and diversity of feeding, reproduction and predator avoidance strategies (physiological diversity), within the ecosystem of the specified region. Species diversity is a more precisely-defined term and is a measure of the species richness (number of species) and species evenness (extent to which the community has balanced populations with no dominant species). High diversity and biodiversity are generally associated with ecosystems that are resistant to change.
The oceans are populated by uncounted millions of species, most of which have not yet been identified. Marine ecology is the study of relationships between species and between species and their environment.
Because each species has a unique relationship to the ocean environment and to other species, marine ecology is a complex discipline. This chapter describes the environmental factors that govern the distribution of marine organisms, and the types of adaptations that have evolved in marine species to meet the challenges of living in the ocean.