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6.5: The Solar Spectrum

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    3386
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    The Sun emits radiation from X-rays to radio waves, but the irradiance of solar radiation peaks in the visible wavelengths (see figure below). Common units of irradiance are Joules per second per m2 of surface that is illuminated per nm of wavelength (e.g., between 300 nm and 301 nm), or W m–2 nm–1 for the plot below. These units are the units of spectral irradiance, which is also simply called irradiance, but as a function of wavelength.

    屏幕快照 2019-08-16 下午9.18.04.png
    The Sun's emission in the extreme ultraviolet part of the solar emission spectrum. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center via flickr

    To get the total irradiance in units of W m–2, the spectral irradiance should be integrated over all the wavelengths.

    Note the following for the solar spectrum:

    • About half of the energy is in the visible wavelengths below 0.7 μm. We can tell this by doing a quick integration.
    • O3 and O2 absorb much of the UV irradiance below 300 nm high in the atmosphere.
    • About 70% of the visible irradiance makes it all the way to sea level.
    • O3 absorbs a little of the visible irradiance.
    • A significant fraction of the visible irradiance is scattered by clouds and aerosol. Some is reflected back out into space so that this portion never deposits energy in the Earth system.
    • There are large wavelength bands in which water vapor, CO2, and O3absorb infrared irradiance.

    For solar wavelengths at which the absorptivity is high, the solar irradiance at sea level is small. Note that the big absorbers of infrared irradiance are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone.

    屏幕快照 2019-08-16 下午9.20.09.png
    Solar spectrum and atmospheric absorbing gases from 240 nm to 2.5 µm wavelengths. Credit: Nick84 [ CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

    This page titled 6.5: The Solar Spectrum is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by William Brune (John A. Dutton: e-Education Institute) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.