18.1: The Topography of the Sea Floor
We examined the topography of the sea floor from the perspective of plate tectonics in Chapter 10, but here we are going to take another look at bathymetry from an oceanographic perspective. The topography of the northern Atlantic Ocean is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). The important features are the extensive continental shelves less than 250 meters deep (pink); the vast deep ocean plains between 4,000 and 6,000 meters deep (light and dark blue); the mid-Atlantic ridge, in many areas shallower than 3,000 meters; and the deep ocean trench north of Puerto Rico (8,600 meters).
A topographic profile of the Pacific Ocean floor between Japan and British Columbia is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). Be very careful when interpreting this diagram (and others like it), because in order to show the various features clearly the vertical axis is exaggerated, in this case by about 200 times. The floor of the Pacific, like those of the other oceans, is actually very flat, even in areas with seamounts or deep trenches. The vast sediment-covered abyssal plains of the oceans are much flatter than any similar-sized areas on the continents.
The main features of the Pacific Ocean floor are the continental slopes, which drop from about 200 meters to several thousand meters over a distance of a few hundred kilometers, the abyssal plains—exceedingly flat and from 4,000 meters to 6,000 meters deep, volcanic seamounts and islands, and trenches at subduction zones that are up to 11,000 meters deep.
The ocean floor is almost entirely underlain by mafic oceanic crust (mostly basalt and gabbro, as described in more detail below), while the continental slopes are underlain by felsic continental crust (mostly granitic and sedimentary rocks). And, as you’ll remember from Chapter 10, the heavier oceanic crust floats lower on the mantle than continental crust does, and that’s why oceans are oceans.
The continental shelf and slope offshore from Nova Scotia is shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). In this passive-margin area (no subduction zone), the shelf is over 150 kilometers wide. On the Pacific coast of Canada, the shelf is less than half as wide. Continental shelves are typically less than 200 meters in depth; 200 meters is also the limit of the photic zone , the maximum depth to which sufficient light penetrates to allow photosynthesis to take place. As a result of that photosynthesis, the photic zone is oxygenated, and therefore suitable for animal life. Approximately 90% of marine life is restricted to the photic zone. The photic zone is also known as the epipelagic zone . The mesopelagic zone extends from 200 meters to 1,000 meters, the bathypelagic zone from 1,000 meters to 4,000 meters, and abyssalpelagic zone is deeper than 4,000 meters. ( Pelagic refers to the open ocean, and thus excludes areas that are near to the shores or the ocean floor.)
Although the temperature of the ocean surface varies widely—from a few degrees either side of freezing in polar regions to over 25°C in the tropics—in most parts of the ocean, the water temperature is around 10°C at 1,000 meters depth and about 4°C from 2,000 meters depth all the way to the bottom.
The deepest parts of the ocean are within the subduction trenches, and the deepest of these is the Marianas Trench in the southwestern Pacific (near Guam) at 11,000 meters (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). There are other trenches in the southwestern Pacific that are over 10,000 meters deep; the Japan Trench is over 9,000 meters deep; and the Puerto Rico and Chile-Peru Trenches are over 8,000 meters deep. Trenches that are relatively shallow tend to be that way because they have significant sediment infill. There is no recognizable trench along the subduction zone of the Juan de Fuca Plate because it has been filled with sediments from the Fraser and Columbia Rivers (or their ancient equivalents).
This map shows a part of the sea floor.
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Identify the following features.
- a continental shelf
- a continental slope
- a spreading ridge
- a subduction zone with a deep trench
- an abyssal plain
- some isolated seamounts
- Where is this? (North is up.)
Image Descriptions
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) image description: Along the coast, the Atlantic Ocean is less than 2,000 meters deep. The depth increases farther from shore. In the middle, the Atlantic Ocean can be anywhere from 4000 to over 6,000 meters deep. A ridge stretches across the centre of the Atlantic Ocean in a northeast direction. The ridge causes the ocean depth to decreases to less than 2,000 meters. [Return to Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)]
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) image description: The continental shelf stretches out about 150 kilometers from the shore and the depth does not increase more than 300 meters. Once the continental slope begins, the depth continues to drop until it reaches 4500 meters at 300 kilometers from the shore. [Return to Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)]
Media Attributions
- Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): “ Seafloor Topography: Topo 8 ” by NASA/CNES . Public domain.
- Figures 18.1.2, 18.1.3, 18.1.4: © Steven Earle. CC BY.
- Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): “ Seafloor Topography: Topo 16 ” by NASA/CNES . Public domain.