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12.2: Folding

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    When a body of rock, especially sedimentary rock, is squeezed from the sides by tectonic forces, it is likely to fracture and/or become faulted if it is cold and brittle, or become folded if it is warm enough to behave in a plastic manner.

    The nomenclature and geometry of folds are summarized on Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). An upward fold is called an anticline (or, more accurately, an antiform if we don’t know if the beds have been overturned or not), while a downward fold is called a syncline, (or a synform if we don’t if the beds have been overturned). In many areas it’s common to find a series of antiforms and synforms (as in Figure 12.5), although some sequences of rocks are folded into a single antiform or synform. A plane drawn through the crest of a fold in a series of beds is called the axial plane of the fold. The sloping beds on either side of an axial plane are limbs. An antiform or synform is described as symmetrical if the angles between each of limb and the axial plane are generally similar, and asymmetrical if they are not. If the axial plane is sufficiently tilted that the beds on one side have been tilted past vertical, the fold is known as an overturned antiform or synform.

    antiform-synform.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) Examples of different types of folds and fold nomenclature. Axial planes are only shown for the antiforms, but synforms also have axial planes.
    ""
    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) An isoclinal recumbent fold.

    A very tight fold, in which the limbs are parallel or nearly parallel to one another is called an isoclinal fold (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Isoclinal folds that have been overturned to the extent that their limbs are nearly horizontal are called recumbent folds.

    Folds can be of any size, and it’s very common to have smaller folds within larger folds (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Large folds can have wavelengths of tens of kilometers, and very small ones might be visible only under a microscope.

    Triassic-Quatsino.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) Folded limestone (grey) and chert (rust-colored) in Triassic Quatsino Formation rocks on Quadra Island, B.C. The image is about 1 metre across.

    Antiforms are not necessarily, or even typically, expressed as ridges in the terrain, nor synforms as valleys. Folded rocks get eroded just like all other rocks and the topography that results is typically controlled mostly by the resistance of different layers to erosion (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)).

    fold-topography.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\) Example of the topography in an area of folded rocks that has been eroded. In this case the blue and green rocks are most resistant to erosion, and are represented by hills.
    Exercise 12.1 Folding style

    Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\) shows folding in the same area of the Rocky Mountains as Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). Describe the types of folds using the appropriate terms from above (symmetrical, asymmetrical, isoclinal, overturned, recumbent etc.). You might find it useful to first sketch in the axial planes.

    Folding-style.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)

    See Appendix 3 for Exercise 12.1 answers.

    Media Attributions

    • Figures 12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.2.3, 12.2.4, 12.2.5: © Steven Earle. CC BY.

    This page titled 12.2: Folding is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven Earle (BCCampus) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.

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