Properties of Seawater
Seawater is the most abundant resource on Earth! Seawater has evolved to what it is over the billions of years that oceans have existed on Earth. This chapter examines the physical and chemical properties of water and seawater.
Distribution of Water on Earth
97.2% in the world ocean
2.15% frozen in glaciers and ice caps
0.62% in groundwater and soil moisture
0.02% in streams and lakes
0.001% as water vapor in the atmosphere
Figure 7.1. The water cycle.
Components of Seawater
Seawater is composed of:
• Water
• Dissolved matter: solids and gas (as ions)
• Suspended matter (dust and organic residues)
Ions in seawater
• Cl - 55%
• Na - 30.4%
• SO4 - 7.6%
• Mg - 3.9%
• Ca - 1.2%
• K - 1.1%
• all other dissolved components - <1 %
Figure 7.2. Components of seawater
Why don't oil and water mix?
Organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbon) are nonpolar and will dissolve in nonpolar solvents (like oil). However, many organic compounds have “functional groups with very electronegative elements” (i.e. oxygen), making the whole molecule polar, allowing them to dissolve in water (ex: sugar and starch can dissolve in water). Soap compounds (called surfactants) have molecules that are both; they have portions that behave as polar and non-polar ends. One end will stick to hydrocarbons and other non-polar substances whereas the other will stick to water and other polar molecules. This allows polar organic compounds to disperse in water.
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Figure 7.7. Oil is a non-polar substance. Water is polar. |
Figure 7.8. Ship cleaning up after an oil spill. |
Properties of Water
pH (acidity and alkalinity)
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution expressed on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values more alkaline. pH is an important measurement in seawater. Neutral water is a pH of 7.
Bicarbonate buffering of seawater
A natural buffering system with seawater’s interaction with carbon dioxide. Seawater is generally always within a range of pH of 7.5 to 8.5. The interactions of dissolved components keep ocean water in a stable range. Organisms living in or near seawater have a limited tolerance for variations in pH and other factors. For instance, calcite (as in shell material) is stable within this range, but will dissolve if exposed to acidic conditions. Carbonate buffering keeps pH stable by precipitation (increase pH) or dissolution (decrease pH) of calcium carbonate - CaCO3.
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Figure 7.9. Salts can dissolve in water and then precipitate out again as water evaporates and concentrates salts in solution. |
Figure 7.10. pH of common household substances compared with pure water (pH=7) and normal seawater (pH=8.2). |