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- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/17%3A_Marine_Pollution/17.11%3A_Solid_WastesMarine debris is a threat to wildlife, navigation safety, and is a factor affecting the economy and human health, particularly in poor countries in coastal regions. Large portions of the ocean in the ...Marine debris is a threat to wildlife, navigation safety, and is a factor affecting the economy and human health, particularly in poor countries in coastal regions. Large portions of the ocean in the center of the large gyres have become floating garbage patches where floating debris is accumulating. Garbage patches are regions in the world's oceans where downwelling waters in the middle of ocean gyre region cause floating garbage to accumulate (discussed in Ocean Circulation, Chapter 9).
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/14%3A_Marine_Environments
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/09%3A_Ocean_Circulation/9.03%3A_Sea_Ice_and_Thermohaline_CirculationOnce sea ice starts to form the salt is either expelled back into the seawater and some is concentrated in microscopic pockets trapped in the sea ice. The formation of sea increases the salinity of th...Once sea ice starts to form the salt is either expelled back into the seawater and some is concentrated in microscopic pockets trapped in the sea ice. The formation of sea increases the salinity of the seawater, and the combination of the increased salinity and cold water results in the formation of dense water that sinks into the deep ocean, driving the thermohaline circulation through the world’s deep ocean basins.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPageThe LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the Californ...The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/14%3A_Marine_Environments/14.11%3A_Physical_Factors_-_Environmental_StabilityThe open ocean is generally a very stable environment compared to shallow and nearshore environments where the factors listed above may vary wildly with weather changes and other natural and artificia...The open ocean is generally a very stable environment compared to shallow and nearshore environments where the factors listed above may vary wildly with weather changes and other natural and artificial causes, both physical or biological in nature. Reefs and coastal ecosystems can be destroyed by the effects of hurricanes, but like wildfire on land, sea life can and will re-establish itself if the physical factors (described above) normalize.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/03%3A_Structure_of_the_Earth/3.16%3A_Historical_Observations_leading_up_to_Plate_Tectonics_TheoryMuch of the background work related to the modern theory is the culmination of hundreds of years of world-wide exploration and geologic observations that go back several centuries. * Early Maps of the...Much of the background work related to the modern theory is the culmination of hundreds of years of world-wide exploration and geologic observations that go back several centuries. * Early Maps of the World: Maps compiled by early global explorations resulted in the observation of the matching shapes of the coastlines on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. * Observations of the location of the world's volcanoes (maps) and lead to the recognition of the Ring of Fire (Figure 3.26).
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/17%3A_Marine_Pollution/17.02%3A_Ocean_ResourcesHumans have been utilizing marine resources extending back into antiquity, but within the last couple centuries, exploitation of world marine resources have lead to increasing vulnerability to both re...Humans have been utilizing marine resources extending back into antiquity, but within the last couple centuries, exploitation of world marine resources have lead to increasing vulnerability to both resources of the natural environment and the communities who rely on them. Marine resources include exploitable physical resources (primarily petroleum, construction materials, and minerals) and biological resources (fish, shellfish, plants, and other wildlife utilized for fishing and aquaculture).
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/14%3A_Marine_Environments/14.07%3A_Physical_Factors_-_NutrientsNutrients: are not "food," but are more like vitamins and minerals (fertilizer) essential to life functions. • Nutrients are essential to support photosynthesis—the process that provides sugars (energ...Nutrients: are not "food," but are more like vitamins and minerals (fertilizer) essential to life functions. • Nutrients are essential to support photosynthesis—the process that provides sugars (energy) to support all other life processes. • There are many more intermediate processes requiring nutrients to produce other complex organic compounds (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc). Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface where they are utilized in primary production.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/15%3A_Marine_Communities_(Invertebrates)/15.08%3A_Marine_Animals_in_Benthic_Environments_-_BrachiopodaBrachiopod have a stalk-like pedicle that projects from an opening in one of the valves that attaches the animal to the seabed. At their peak the brachiopods were among the most abundant filter-feedin...Brachiopod have a stalk-like pedicle that projects from an opening in one of the valves that attaches the animal to the seabed. At their peak the brachiopods were among the most abundant filter-feeding and reef-building groups of organism, but their significance diminished after the great extinction at the end of the Permian Period.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/03%3A_Structure_of_the_Earth/3.13%3A_The_MantleThe asthenosphere is a semi fluid layer of the Earth, between about 40 to 80 miles (100-200 km) below the outer rigid lithosphere (oceanic and continental crust) forming part of the mantle and thought...The asthenosphere is a semi fluid layer of the Earth, between about 40 to 80 miles (100-200 km) below the outer rigid lithosphere (oceanic and continental crust) forming part of the mantle and thought to be able to slowly flow vertically and horizontally, enabling sections of lithosphere to subside, rise, and undergo lateral movement associated with plate tectonics.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/09%3A_Ocean_Circulation/9.08%3A_The_Gulf_Stream_and_the_Antarctic_Circumpolar_Currents• This flow splits into the Antilles Current (east of the West Indies) and the Caribbean Current (around the Gulf of Mexico). • The Gulf Stream gradually merges eastward with the water of the Sargasso...• This flow splits into the Antilles Current (east of the West Indies) and the Caribbean Current (around the Gulf of Mexico). • The Gulf Stream gradually merges eastward with the water of the Sargasso Sea, the rotating center of the North Atlantic Gyre (named for floating marine alga (seaweed) called Sargassum that accumulates in the stagnant waters.
