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4.7: Chapter 5 Summary and Key Term Check

  • Page ID
    29095
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    Chapter 5 Main Ideas

    A mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid with a distinct chemical formula.

    Practice Again

    • Which are minerals?

    5.1 Atoms

    An atom is made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons arranged in energy shells around the nucleus. The first shell holds two electrons, and outer shells hold more. Atoms strive to have eight electrons in their outermost shell (or two for H and He). Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve this. In so doing they become either positively charged cations (if they lose electrons) or negatively charged anions (if they gain them).

    Practice Again

    • Atom anatomy

    5.2 Bonding and Lattices

    The main types of bonding in minerals are ionic bonding (electrons transferred) and covalent bonding (electrons shared). Some minerals have metallic bonding or weak Van der Waals forces. Minerals form in three-dimensional lattices. The configuration of the lattices and the type of bonding within help determine mineral properties.

    Practice Again

    • Cation or anion?
    • Chemical bond types

    5.3 Mineral Groups

    Minerals are grouped according to the anion part of their formula. Some common types are: oxides, sulphides, sulphates, halides, carbonates, phosphates, silicates, and native minerals.

    Practice Again

    • Beginner
    • Level up

    5.4 Silicate Minerals

    Silicate minerals are the most common minerals in Earth’s crust and mantle. They all have silica tetrahedra (four oxygens surrounding a single silicon atom) arranged in different structures (chains, sheets, etc).

    Practice Again

    • Silicate minerals and their structures

    Extra: Do You Know the Common Silicate Minerals?

    The most common rock-building minerals come up frequently in this textbook. Now is a good time to make sure you know what they are.

    Query \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    5.5 How Minerals Form

    Most minerals in the crust form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. Some form from hot water solutions, during metamorphism or weathering, or through organic processes. More rarely, minerals precipitate directly from a gas, such as at a volcanic vent.

    5.6 Mineral Properties

    Some of the important properties for mineral identification include hardness, cleavage/fracture, density, lustre, color, and streak color.

    Practice Again

    • Types of lustre
    • How to determine hardness
    • Crystal habit vs. cleavage vs. fracture
    • Using mineral properties to identify minerals

    Extra: Can You Mohs?

    Query \(\PageIndex{2}\)

    Key Term Check

    What key term from Chapter 5 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.

    Query \(\PageIndex{3}\)


    This page titled 4.7: Chapter 5 Summary and Key Term Check is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Allison Jones via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.