Skip to main content
Geosciences LibreTexts

14.14: Chapter References

  1. Last updated
  2. Save as PDF
  • Page ID
    31706

    • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)

    Bentley, M. G., P. J. W. Olive, and K. Last. 2001. “Sexual Satellites, Moonlight, and the Nuptial Dances of Worms: The Influence of the Moon on the Reproduction of Marine Animals.” In Earth-Moon Relationships. Edited by C. Barbieri, and F. Rampazzi, 67–84. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0800-6_7

    Blackburn, Sophie, Mark Pelling, and César Marques. 2019. “Megacities and the Coast: Global Context and Scope for Transformation.” In Coasts and Estuaries: The Future. Edited by Eric Wolanski, John W. Day, Michael Elliott, and Ramesh Ramachandran, 661–669. Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814003-1.00038-1

    Boening, Carmen. 2012. “The 2011 La Niña: So Strong, the Oceans Fell.” Geophysical Research Letters 39(19): L19602. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053055

    Brown, Sally, Robert J. Nicholls, Colin D. Woodroffe, Susan Hanson, Jochen Hinkel, Abiy S. Kebede, Barbara Neumann, and Athanasios T. Vafeidis. 2012. “Sea-Level Rise Impacts and Responses: A Global Perspective.” In Coastal Hazards. Edited by Charles Finkl, 117–149. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5234-4_5

    Cartwright, David Edgar. 2000. Tides: A Scientific History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/oceanography-and-marine-science/tides-scientific-history

    Cayan, Daniel R., Peter D. Bromirski, Katharine Hayhoe, Mary Tyree, Michael Dettinger, and Reinhard E. Flick. 2008. “Climate Change Projections of Sea Level Extremes along the California Coast.” Climatic Change 87: 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9376-7

    Chen, Jianli, Byron Tapley, Ki-Weon Seo, Clark Wilson, and John Ries. 2019. “Improved Quantification of Global Mean Ocean Mass Change Using GRACE Satellite Gravimetry Measurements.” Geophysical Research Letters 46(23): 13984–13991. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085519

    Church, John A., Neil J. White, Leonard F. Konikow, Catia M. Domingues, J. Graham Cogley, Eric Rignot, Jonathan M. Gregory, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Andrew J. Monaghan, and Isabella Velicogna. 2011. “Revisiting the Earth’s Sea-Level and Energy Budgets from 1961 to 2008.” Geophysical Research Letters 38(18): L18601. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794

    Cook, Terri. 2020. “Obituary: Michael Freilich (1954-2020).” European Geosciences Union. August 7, 2020. https://www.egu.eu/news/678/obituary-michael-freilich-1954-2020/

    Frederikse, Thomas, Felix Landerer, Lambert Caron, Surendra Adhikari, David Parkes, Vincent W. Humphrey, Sönke Dangendorf, Peter Hogarth, Laure Zanna, Lijing Cheng, and Yun-Hao Wu. 2020. “The Causes of Sea-Level Rise since 1900.” Nature 584: 393–397. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2591-3

    Garner, Andra J., Sarah E. Sosa, Fangyi Tan, Christabel Wan Jie Tran, Gregory G. Garner, and Benjamin P. Horton. 2023. “Evaluating Knowledge Gaps in Sea-Level Rise Assessments from the United States.” Earth’s Future 11(2): 22022EF003187. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003187

    Gerkema, Theo. 2019. An Introduction to Tides. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316998793

    Golparvar, Behzad, and Ruo-Qian Wang. 2020. “AI-Supported Citizen Science to Monitor High-Tide Flooding in Newport Beach, California.” ARIC ‘20: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Advances in Resilient and Intelligent Cities, 66–69. https://doi.org/10.1145/3423455.3430315

    Gregory, Jonathan M., Stephen M. Griffies, Chris W. Hughes, Jason A. Lowe, John A. Church, Ichiro Fukimori, Natalya Gomez, Robert E. Kopp, Felix Landerer, Gonéri Le Cozannet, Rui M. Ponte, Detlef Stammer, Mark E. Tamisiea, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal. 2019. “Concepts and Terminology for Sea Level: Mean, Variability and Change, Both Local and Global.” Surveys in Geophysics 40: 1251–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09525-z

    Haq, Bilal U. 2014. “Cretaceous Eustasy Revisited.” Global and Planetary Change 113: 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.007

    Hurley, Steve. 2022. “Overview of Tides.” Explaining Science. January 4, 2022. https://explainingscience.org/2022/01/04/overview-of-tides/

    IMBIE Team. 2020. “Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018.” Nature 579: 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2

    Jevrejeva, S., J. C. Moore, A. Grinsted, A. P. Matthews, and G. Spada. 2014. “Trends and Acceleration in Global and Regional Sea Levels since 1807.” Global and Planetary Change 113: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.004

    Jones-Bateman, John. 2019. “NASA Helps California Get Ahead of Coastal Flooding.” NASA. August 23, 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-helps-california-get-ahead-of-coastal-flooding

    Kulp, Scott A., and Benjamin H. Strauss. 2019. “New Elevation Data Triple Estimates of Global Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding.” Nature Communications 10: 4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z

    Lambeck, Kurt, Hélène Rouby, Anthony Purcell, Yiying Sun, and Malcolm Sambridge. 2014. “Sea Level and Global Ice Volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene.” PNAS 111(43): 15,296–15,303. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411762111

    Le Bars, Dewi, Sybren Drijfhout, and Hylke de Vries. 2017. “A High-End Sea Level Rise Probabilistic Projection including Rapid Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Loss.” Environmental Research Letters 12(4): 044013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6512

    Loftis, Jon Derek, Molly Mitchell, Daniel Schatt, David R. Forrest, Harry V. Wang, David Mayfield, and William A. Stiles. 2019. “Validating an Operational Flood Forecast Model Using Citizen Science in Hampton Roads, VA, USA.” Journal of Marine Science Engineering 7(8): 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080242

    Loria, Kevin. 2018. “Cities Around the US Are Flooding at High Tide and on Sunny Days at Record Rates—Here’s What It’s Like.” Business Insider. June 12, 2018. https://www.businessinsider.com/sea-level-rise-high-tides-sunny-day-flooding-coastal-cities-2018-4

    Lozinsky, Richard. 2016. Our Backyard Geology in Orange County, California. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill Education. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Our_Backyard_Geology_in_Orange_County_Ca/XsmLrgEACAAJ

    MacGillivray, Greg. 1995. The Living Sea. MacGillivray Freeman Films. Film. 40 minutes. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113676/

    Matthäus, Wolfgang. 1972. “On the History of Recording Tide Gauges.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences 2: 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080455X00002083

    Mazzei, Patricia. 2019. “82 Days Underwater: The Tide Is High but They’re Holding On.” New York Times. November 24, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/24/us/florida-keys-flooding-king-tide.html

    McGranahan, Gordon, Deborah Balk, and Bridget Anderson. 2007. “The Rising Tide: Assessing the Risks of Climate Change and Human Settlements in Low Elevation Coastal Zones.” Environment and Urbanization 19(1): 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247807076960

    Moftakhari, Hamed R., Amir AghaKouchak, Brett F. Sanders, Maura Allaire, and Richard A. Matthew. 2018. “What Is Nuisance Flooding? Defining and Monitoring an Emerging Challenge.” Water Resources Research 54(7): 4218–4227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR022828

    Moore, Frances C., and Nick Obradovich. 2020. “Using Remarkability to Define Coastal Flooding Thresholds.” Nature Communications 11: 530. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13935-3

    NASA. 2023a. “Earth’s Moon.” NASA Solar System Exploration. Accessed February 3, 2023. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/in-depth/

    ———. 2023b. “Sentinel-6B.” NASA’s Earth Observing System. Accessed February 2, 2023. https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/sentinel-6b

    National Research Council. 2012. Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13389

    Neumann, Barbara, Athanasios T. Vafeidis, Julianne Zimmerman, and Robert J. Nicholls. 2015. “Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding—A Global Assessment.” PLoS ONE 10(6): e0131375. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118571

    Nienhuis, Jaap H., Torbjön E. Törnqvist, Krista L. Jankowski, Anjali M. Fernandes, and Molly E. Keogh. 2017. “A New Subsidence Map for Coastal Louisiana.” GSA Today 27(9): 58–59. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG337GW.1

    NOAA. 2023a. “Tidal Datums.” NOAA Tides and Currents. Accessed February 3, 2023. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html

    ———. 2023b. “What Is Glacial Isostatic Adjustment?” NOAA National Ocean Service. Accessed February 2, 2023. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/glacial-adjustment.html

    Norris, Richard D. 2020. “Commentary: We Need to Rethink Our San Diego Coast to Deal with Sea Level Rise before It’s Too Late.” San Diego Union-Tribune. October 16, 2020. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/story/2020-10-16/sea-level-rise-climate-change

    Oppenheimer, M., B. C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A. K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R. M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari. 2019. “Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities.” In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Edited by H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, and N. M. Weyer, 321-445. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006

    Palmer, M. D., J. M. Gregory, M. Bagge, D. Calvert, J. M. Hagedoorn, T. Howard, V. Klemann, J. A. Lowe, C. D. Roberts, A. B. A. Slangen, and G. Spada. 2020. “Exploring the Drivers of Global and Local Sea-Level Change Over the 21st Century and Beyond.” Earth’s Future 8(9): e2019EF001413. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001413

    Rasmussen, Carol. 2017. “GRACE Mission: 15 Years of Watching Water on Earth.” NASA. March 15, 2017. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/grace-mission-15-years-of-watching-water-on-earth

    Reineman, Dan R., Leif N. Thomas, and Margaret R. Caldwell. 2017. “Using Local Knowledge to Project Sea Level Rise Impacts on Wave Resources in California.” Ocean and Coastal Management 138: 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.01.020

    Safire, William. 2009. “Location, Location, Location.” New York Times Magazine. June 26, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/magazine/28FOB-onlanguage-t.html

    Scharroo, Remko, Hans Bonekamp, Christelle Ponsard, François Parisot, Axel von Engeln, Milen Tahtadjiev, Kristiaan de Vriendt, and François Montagner. 2016. “Jason Continuity of Services: Continuing the Jason Altimeter Data Records as Copernicus Sentinel-6.” Ocean Science 12(2): 471–479. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-471-2016

    Simanek, Donald E. 2022. “Tidal Misconceptions.” Donald E. Simanek. Accessed February 3, 2023. https://dsimanek.vialattea.net/scenario/tides.htm

    Strauss, Benjamin H., Remik Ziemlinski, Jeremy L. Weiss, and Jonathan T. Overpeck. 2012. “Tidally Adjusted Estimates of Topographic Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise and Flooding for the Contiguous United States.” Environmental Research Letters 7(1): 014033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014033

    Sweet, William V., Gregory Dusek, Greg Carbin, John Marra, Doug March, and Steven Simon. 2020. “2019 State of US High Tide Flooding with a 2020 Outlook.” NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 092. Silver Spring: NOAA. 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.25923/q56g-ba90

    Sweet, William V., Gregory Dusek, Jayantha Obeysekera, and John J. Marra. 2018. “Patterns and Projections of High Tide Flooding along the US Coastline Using a Common Impact Threshold.” NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 086. Silver Spring: NOAA. http://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TR-NOS-COOPS-086

    Taherkhani, Mohsen, Sean Vitousek, Patrick L. Barnard, Neil Frazer, Tiffany R. Anderson, and Charles H. Fletcher. 2020. “Sea-Level Rise Exponentially Increases Coastal Flood Frequency.” Scientific Reports 10: 6466. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62188-4

    Talke, Stefan, and David A. Jay. 2017. Archival Water-Level Measurements: Recovering Historical Data to Help Design for the Future. Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations. 412. Portland: PDXScholar. http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/21294

    Talke, S. A., A. C. Kemp, and J. Woodruff. 2018. “Relative Sea Level, Tides, and Extreme Water Levels in Boston Harbor from 1825 to 2018.” Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 123(6): 3895–3914. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013645

    Thompson, P. R., B. D. Hamlington, F. W. Landerer, and S. Adhikari. 2016. “Are Long Tide Gauge Records in the Wrong Place to Measure Global Mean Sea Level Rise?” Geophysical Research Letters 43(19): 10,403–10,411. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070552

    Velicogna, Yara Mohajerani, Geruo A. Felix Landerer, Jeremie Mouginot, Brice Noel, Eric Rignot, Tyler Sutterley, Michiel van den Broeke, Melchior van Wessem, and David Wiese. 2020. “Continuity of Ice Sheet Mass Loss in Greenland and Antarctica from the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On Missions.” Geophysical Research Letters 47(8): e2020GL087291. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087291

    Waldie, D. J. 2015. “Incredibly Sinking State: The Lowdown on Subsidence.” KCET. June 10, 2015. https://www.kcet.org/history-society/incredibly-sinking-state-the-lowdown-on-subsidence

    Weather Channel. 2019. “King Tides Near Month Two in Key Largo.” The Weather Channel. October 23, 2019. https://weather.com/safety/floods/news/2019-10-23-florida-king-tides-photos

    Whitehouse, Pippa L. 2018. “Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Modelling: Historical Perspectives, Recent Advances, and Future Directions.” Earth Surface Dynamics 6: 401–429. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-401-2018

    Widlansky, Matthew J., Xiaoyu Long, and Fabian Schloesser. 2020. “Increase in Sea Level Variability with Ocean Warming Associated with the Nonlinear Thermal Expansion of Seawater.” Communications Earth and Environment 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-0008-8

    Woodworth, P. L., J. R. Hunter, M. Marcos, P. Caldwell, M. Menédez, and I. Haigh. 2017. “Towards a Global Higher-Frequency Sea Level Dataset.” Geoscience Data Journal 3(2): 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.42

    Zimecki, Michał. 2006. “The Lunar Cycle: Effects on Human and Animal Behavior and Physiology.” Advances in Hygiene and Experimental Medicine 60: 1–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407788/

    This page titled 14.14: Chapter References is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by W. Sean Chamberlin, Nicki Shaw, and Martha Rich (Blue Planet Publishing) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.