10.8: Karst
- Page ID
- 28288
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Karst refers to landscapes and hydrologic features created by the dissolution of limestone. Karst can be found anywhere where there are limestone and other soluble subterranean substances like salt deposits. The dissolution of limestone creates features like sinkholes, caverns, disappearing streams, and towers.
For example, the dissolution of underlying salt deposits has caused sinkholes to form in the Kaibab Limestone on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona.
Karst forms when natural water, in combination with carbon dioxide, creates carbonic acid. This causes precipitation to be slightly acidic such that it can dissolve the calcite (calcium carbonate) that forms limestone.
After the slightly acidic water dissolves the calcite, changes in temperature or gas content in the water can cause the water to redeposit the calcite in a different place as tufa (travertine), often deposited by a spring or in a cave. Speleotherms are secondary deposits, typically made of travertine, deposited in a cave. Travertine speleotherms form by water dripping through cracks and dissolution openings in caves and evaporating, leaving behind the travertine deposits. Speleotherms commonly occur in the form of stalactites, when extending from the ceiling, and stalagmites, when extending from the floor.
Meteoric (surface) water enters the karst system through sinkholes, or as rivers run over limestone and dissolve the limestone and sink into the ground. As the water dissolves its way through the limestone, it can leave behind intricate networks of caves and narrow passages, with caverns dropping thousands of feet. Often dissolution will follow and expand fractures in the limestone. Water exits the karst system as a spring.