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- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)/03%3A_Minerals/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_MineralsBecause of these discrepancies, the International Mineralogical Association in 1985 amended the definition to: “A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has b...Because of these discrepancies, the International Mineralogical Association in 1985 amended the definition to: “A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.” This means that the calcite in the shell of a clam is not considered a mineral.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/02%3A_MineralsThis page discusses Earth's crust materials, atomic structure, states of matter, mineral identification and classification, as well as mineral formation processes, extraction, and their various applic...This page discusses Earth's crust materials, atomic structure, states of matter, mineral identification and classification, as well as mineral formation processes, extraction, and their various applications.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Sandboxes/ajones124_at_sierracollege.edu/Geology_of_California_(DRAFT)/00%3A_Front_Matter/05%3A_PrefaceThis page presents "Geology of California," an open educational resource textbook with a student-centered approach. It includes diverse engagement methods like text, images, videos, and activities acr...This page presents "Geology of California," an open educational resource textbook with a student-centered approach. It includes diverse engagement methods like text, images, videos, and activities across 19 chapters, covering key concepts, physiographic provinces, and environmental issues. Instructors can adapt it to their needs. Developed through educator collaboration, the book aims to enhance students' understanding and appreciation of geology.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Sandboxes/ajones124_at_sierracollege.edu/Geology_of_California_(DRAFT)/02%3A_Minerals_and_Rocks/2.02%3A_Mineral_PropertiesThis page discusses mineral identification based on chemical composition and crystalline structure, emphasizing physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, crystal habit, and cleavage. I...This page discusses mineral identification based on chemical composition and crystalline structure, emphasizing physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, crystal habit, and cleavage. It highlights the reliability of streak over color, defines luster and hardness with Mohs scale, and discusses cleavage types influenced by atomic arrangement. Examples like graphite and calcite illustrate cleavage distinctions.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Sandboxes/ajones124_at_sierracollege.edu/Geology_of_California_(DRAFT)/02%3A_Minerals_and_Rocks/2.06%3A_Metamorphic_RocksMetamorphic rocks form through the transformation of pre-existing rocks under heat and pressure, resulting in new minerals or larger crystals. This process often occurs during mountain-building and pl...Metamorphic rocks form through the transformation of pre-existing rocks under heat and pressure, resulting in new minerals or larger crystals. This process often occurs during mountain-building and plate convergence, leading to foliated rocks with aligned mineral bands. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks including quartzite and marble form under lithostatic pressure. The text highlights serpentinite, California's state rock, known for its mineral serpentine.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Sandboxes/ajones124_at_sierracollege.edu/Geology_of_California_(DRAFT)/02%3A_Minerals_and_Rocks/2.07%3A_Chapter_SummaryThe page provides an overview of minerals and their properties, including their chemical compositions and types of bonding, as well as a description of the rock cycle and its three main types: igneous...The page provides an overview of minerals and their properties, including their chemical compositions and types of bonding, as well as a description of the rock cycle and its three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It also details the formation and identification of igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and mentions the presence of geological maps, with an emphasis on California's geological features.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Sandboxes/ajones124_at_sierracollege.edu/Geology_of_California_(DRAFT)/02%3A_Minerals_and_RocksThe chapter provides an introduction to minerals and rocks, focusing on their components and significance. Minerals, composed of atoms and elements, are essential to daily life and various industries....The chapter provides an introduction to minerals and rocks, focusing on their components and significance. Minerals, composed of atoms and elements, are essential to daily life and various industries. Rocks, which are aggregates of minerals, are categorized into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types based on their formation process. The chapter outlines learning objectives, discusses the rock cycle, and examines mineral properties.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/02%3A_Minerals/2.01%3A_Materials_of_Earths_CrustThis page discusses the composition of Earth's crust, which includes silicate minerals, carbonates, and native elements. It suggests visiting natural history museums to learn about these materials. Ad...This page discusses the composition of Earth's crust, which includes silicate minerals, carbonates, and native elements. It suggests visiting natural history museums to learn about these materials. Additionally, it explains how atoms form molecules through chemical bonding, leading to various minerals crucial for the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/02%3A_Minerals/2.06%3A_Mineral_FormationThis page explains mineral formation from magma, lava, and solutions, highlighting crystallization from melted rock influenced by cooling rates. It also covers metamorphism and minerals precipitating ...This page explains mineral formation from magma, lava, and solutions, highlighting crystallization from melted rock influenced by cooling rates. It also covers metamorphism and minerals precipitating from evaporated or heated water. Key vocabulary is introduced, followed by review questions addressing mineral characteristics and applications.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Sandboxes/ajones124_at_sierracollege.edu/Geology_of_California_(DRAFT)/01%3A_Introduction_to_the_Geology_of_CaliforniaThis page details California's diverse geology, featuring various rock types and formations that provide a comprehensive study. The textbook is designed for all learners, focusing on accessibility and...This page details California's diverse geology, featuring various rock types and formations that provide a comprehensive study. The textbook is designed for all learners, focusing on accessibility and adaptability in geology education. It is a low-cost, online resource organized by geomorphic provinces. The authors advocate for improved access to geology through open educational resources and collaboration to ensure inclusivity in learning.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/02%3A_Minerals/2.04%3A_Mineral_IdentificationThis page explains how minerals are identified through physical characteristics such as color, luster, streak, and hardness. Color can be unreliable; however, streak offers a consistent identification...This page explains how minerals are identified through physical characteristics such as color, luster, streak, and hardness. Color can be unreliable; however, streak offers a consistent identification approach. Luster is categorized as metallic or non-metallic, while hardness is measured using the Mohs Hardness Scale. Additional properties like cleavage, fracture, fluorescence, and magnetism assist in distinguishing minerals.
