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- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Physical)/BioGeoChemistry_(LibreTexts)/04%3A_The_Lithosphere/4.03%3A_RocksRocks, in the form of what is called bedrock, are exposed at the Earth’s surface over wide areas, and they everywhere underlie the unconsolidated surficial 79 materials, called regolith, you will lea...Rocks, in the form of what is called bedrock, are exposed at the Earth’s surface over wide areas, and they everywhere underlie the unconsolidated surficial 79 materials, called regolith, you will learn about later in this chapter.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/05%3A_Volcanoes/5.02%3A_Types_of_VolcanoesThis page outlines various types of volcanoes, including composite, shield, cinder cones, and supervolcanoes, emphasizing their distinct shapes, eruption styles, and magma compositions. It also mentio...This page outlines various types of volcanoes, including composite, shield, cinder cones, and supervolcanoes, emphasizing their distinct shapes, eruption styles, and magma compositions. It also mentions calderas and poses questions about volcanic structures, encouraging further exploration of their formation and variations.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/05%3A_Volcanoes/5.04%3A_Volcanic_EruptionsThis page summarizes the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, which caused extensive damage and fatalities, highlighting the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions based on lava viscos...This page summarizes the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, which caused extensive damage and fatalities, highlighting the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions based on lava viscosity. It explains how high-viscosity lava leads to explosive eruptions, while low-viscosity lava flows create distinct formations. Key factors for predicting volcanic activity include seismic events near volcanoes, gas emissions, and ground deformation.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Kansas_State_University/Physical_Geography%3A_our_Beautiful_World/09%3A_Earth_Materials_and_Structure/9.05%3A_Rocks/9.5.02%3A_Igneous_RocksIgneous rocks form by the cooling of magma (molten rock material beneath the surface) or lava (molten rock material extruded onto the surface). Because the molten material is less dense than the surro...Igneous rocks form by the cooling of magma (molten rock material beneath the surface) or lava (molten rock material extruded onto the surface). Because the molten material is less dense than the surrounding solidified rock, it works its way toward the surface where it flows out onto the surface as lava. If the magma solidifies as a pocket of igneous rock that warps the overlying rock it will form a dome.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_Laboratory_Manual_For_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/09%3A_Volcanoes/9.06%3A_Magma_Composition_and_ViscosityIn the chapter on igneous rocks, you learned that the igneous rock classification is in part based on the mineral content of the rock. For example, ultramafic rocks are igneous rocks composed primaril...In the chapter on igneous rocks, you learned that the igneous rock classification is in part based on the mineral content of the rock. For example, ultramafic rocks are igneous rocks composed primarily of olivine and a lesser amount of calcium-rich plagioclase and pyroxene, whereas quartz, muscovite and potassium feldspar are the typical minerals found in felsic rocks.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/04%3A_Earths_Interior_Processes/4.03%3A_VolcanoesThis page discusses volcanoes, primarily located at convergent and divergent plate boundaries, particularly around the Pacific Ocean's Ring of Fire. Eruptions result from melting mantle rock and vary ...This page discusses volcanoes, primarily located at convergent and divergent plate boundaries, particularly around the Pacific Ocean's Ring of Fire. Eruptions result from melting mantle rock and vary based on magma composition, impacting the environment. They can be effusive or explosive, with supervolcanoes like Yellowstone posing significant threats.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/05%3A_Volcanoes/5.01%3A_Volcanic_ActivityThis page discusses volcanoes as formations resulting from magma escape, predominantly found along tectonic plate boundaries. It emphasizes their prevalence in convergent zones like the Pacific Ring o...This page discusses volcanoes as formations resulting from magma escape, predominantly found along tectonic plate boundaries. It emphasizes their prevalence in convergent zones like the Pacific Ring of Fire, as well as divergent boundaries and hot spots like the Hawaiian Islands. The content covers fundamental concepts regarding volcanic formation, distribution, and the comparison of various volcanic types.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/02%3A_Minerals/2.06%3A_Mineral_FormationThis page explains mineral formation from magma, lava, and solutions, highlighting crystallization from melted rock influenced by cooling rates. It also covers metamorphism and minerals precipitating ...This page explains mineral formation from magma, lava, and solutions, highlighting crystallization from melted rock influenced by cooling rates. It also covers metamorphism and minerals precipitating from evaporated or heated water. Key vocabulary is introduced, followed by review questions addressing mineral characteristics and applications.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/05%3A_Volcanoes/5.03%3A_Volcanic_Landforms_and_Geothermal_ActivityThis page explains the formation of igneous rocks from molten magma, highlighting the distinction between intrusive and extrusive varieties. It discusses volcanoes as major landforms shaped by extrusi...This page explains the formation of igneous rocks from molten magma, highlighting the distinction between intrusive and extrusive varieties. It discusses volcanoes as major landforms shaped by extrusive lava, and notes that magma can create intrusions when solidified underground. The page also covers geothermal features like hot springs and geysers, providing examples such as the Columbia Plateau and Old Faithful.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Physical_Geology_(Earle)/03%3A_Intrusive_Igneous_Rocks/3.02%3A_Magma_and_Magma_FormationThe composition of magma depends on the rock it was formed from (by melting), and the conditions of that melting. Magmas derived from the mantle have higher levels of iron, magnesium, and calcium, but...The composition of magma depends on the rock it was formed from (by melting), and the conditions of that melting. Magmas derived from the mantle have higher levels of iron, magnesium, and calcium, but they are still likely to be dominated by oxygen and silicon. All magmas have varying proportions of elements such as hydrogen, carbon, and sulphur, which are converted into gases like water vapour, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide as the magma cools.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Physical)/The_Physical_Environment_(Ritter)/14%3A_Earth_Materials_and_Structure/14.05%3A_Rocks/14.5.02%3A_Igneous_RocksIgneous rocks form by the cooling of magma (molten rock material beneath the surface) or lava (molten rock material extruded onto the surface). Because the molten material is less dense than the surro...Igneous rocks form by the cooling of magma (molten rock material beneath the surface) or lava (molten rock material extruded onto the surface). Because the molten material is less dense than the surrounding solidified rock, it works its way toward the surface where it flows out onto the surface as lava. If the magma solidifies as a pocket of igneous rock that warps the overlying rock it will form a dome or laccolith.
