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- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/11%3A_Ocean_Water_and_Life/11.03%3A_TsunamisTsunamis are destructive waves triggered by undersea earthquakes, landslides, or meteorite impacts, reaching speeds of up to 800 km/h. Often undetected at sea, they swell as they near shore, posing ri...Tsunamis are destructive waves triggered by undersea earthquakes, landslides, or meteorite impacts, reaching speeds of up to 800 km/h. Often undetected at sea, they swell as they near shore, posing risks with little warning. Historical examples, including the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, highlight their potential for devastation, as seen in significant incidents in the Indian Ocean and Japan. These events have spurred advancements in tsunami prediction methods to enhance safety.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Introduction_to_Climate_Science_(Schmittner_2021)/01%3A_Chapters/1.01%3A_WeatherWeather and climate are related but they differ in the time scales of changes and their predictability. Weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere around us. Temperature, precipitation, hu...Weather and climate are related but they differ in the time scales of changes and their predictability. Weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere around us. Temperature, precipitation, humidity, air pressure, cloudiness, radiation, wind, and visibility vary from day to day and over weeks and months. Weather predictability is limited to days. Climate is the statistics of weather over a longer period. It can be thought of as the average weather that varies slowly over periods of mont
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/11%3A_Ocean_Water_and_Life/11.04%3A_Ocean_OrganismsThis page discusses the ocean's vital resources, which require sustainable management due to threats like overfishing and harmful practices. It highlights the adaptation of organisms to harsh marine e...This page discusses the ocean's vital resources, which require sustainable management due to threats like overfishing and harmful practices. It highlights the adaptation of organisms to harsh marine environments and the importance of biodiversity in coral reefs, which are under stress from pollution and climate change. Additionally, it describes unique ecosystems at hydrothermal vents, where life thrives on chemosynthesis, supported by bacteria and housing various marine species.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Meteorology_and_Climate_Science/Introduction_to_Climate_Science_(Schmittner_2021)/01%3A_Chapters/1.02%3A_ObservationsAlthough Earth’s climate is currently changing rapidly relative to past changes, in most regions where we live changes are slow enough that we do not notice them directly during our daily lives. In th...Although Earth’s climate is currently changing rapidly relative to past changes, in most regions where we live changes are slow enough that we do not notice them directly during our daily lives. In this chapter we will discuss some observations from the past 100 years and data from regions that are particularly sensitive to climate change, where the most dramatic effects have occurred.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/07%3A_The_Ocean/7.03%3A_The_SeafloorThis page discusses the largely unexplored ocean floor, known as the final frontier, highlighting obstacles like darkness, cold, and pressure. It notes technological advancements in sonar and ROVs tha...This page discusses the largely unexplored ocean floor, known as the final frontier, highlighting obstacles like darkness, cold, and pressure. It notes technological advancements in sonar and ROVs that enhance exploration. The seafloor has various landscapes formed by tectonic activity, such as continental shelves and mid-ocean ridges. Notable scientific missions and submersibles, like Alvin and the Trieste, have significantly advanced our understanding of this hidden world.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Introduction_to_Earth_Science_(C-ID%3A_GEOL_121)/06%3A_Climate_and_Climate_Change/6.04%3A_Weather_vs_ClimateWeather and climate are related but they differ in the time scales of changes and their predictability. Weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere around us. Temperature, precipitation, hu...Weather and climate are related but they differ in the time scales of changes and their predictability. Weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere around us. Temperature, precipitation, humidity, air pressure, cloudiness, radiation, wind, and visibility vary from day to day and over weeks and months. Weather predictability is limited to days. Climate is the statistics of weather over a longer period. It can be thought of as the average weather that varies slowly over periods of mont
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/07%3A_The_Ocean/7.04%3A_Ocean_CurrentsThis page explains ocean water movement driven by wind, the Earth's rotation, and gravitational forces, highlighting the roles of surface and deep currents in climate and marine ecosystems. It discuss...This page explains ocean water movement driven by wind, the Earth's rotation, and gravitational forces, highlighting the roles of surface and deep currents in climate and marine ecosystems. It discusses upwelling, which brings nutrient-rich water to the surface, and covers the influence of Greenland's ice on the Gulf Stream. Key vocabulary related to ocean dynamics, such as amplitude, crest, and tsunami, is defined to enhance understanding of these processes.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/07%3A_The_Ocean/7.06%3A_TidesThis page explains tides as the regular rise and fall of ocean water due to the Moon's gravitational pull, with additional influence from the Sun. High tides occur where water bulges towards the Moon,...This page explains tides as the regular rise and fall of ocean water due to the Moon's gravitational pull, with additional influence from the Sun. High tides occur where water bulges towards the Moon, while low tides happen in between. The tidal range varies by location and is greatest during spring tides (when the Moon and Sun align) and smallest during neap tides (when they are at right angles). Tides generally occur twice daily, approximately every 12 hours and 25 minutes.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/11%3A_Ocean_Water_and_Life
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/07%3A_The_Ocean/7.01%3A_Introduction_to_the_OceansThis page explains the significance of Earth's oceans, which cover over 70% of the planet and play a crucial role in regulating temperature and supporting diverse life. The text outlines the formation...This page explains the significance of Earth's oceans, which cover over 70% of the planet and play a crucial role in regulating temperature and supporting diverse life. The text outlines the formation of oceans and their stratified zones, including intertidal, neritic, and oceanic, along with their distinct characteristics and the organisms that inhabit them.
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Earth_Science_(Lumen)/11%3A_Ocean_Water_and_Life/11.02%3A_ThermoclineThis page discusses thermoclines, which are layers in fluid bodies where temperature changes quickly with depth. They serve as barriers between mixed and calm waters and are influenced by factors like...This page discusses thermoclines, which are layers in fluid bodies where temperature changes quickly with depth. They serve as barriers between mixed and calm waters and are influenced by factors like season and latitude, being more stable in tropical regions. They impact submarine sonar and are observed in lakes during summer. Atmospheric thermoclines occur with temperature inversions at night, highlighting their importance in aquatic ecosystems and energy dynamics.
