This page explains atom structure, detailing that atoms are the fundamental units of matter composed of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, encircled by electrons. Atomic mass is calculated from prot...This page explains atom structure, detailing that atoms are the fundamental units of matter composed of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, encircled by electrons. Atomic mass is calculated from protons and neutrons. Atoms can ionize by losing or gaining electrons, becoming cations or anions. Additionally, atoms bond to form molecules, which can group to create compounds.