12.15.3: References
- Page ID
- 50288
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Figure 12-8 – Data from H.U. Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson and R. H. Fleming, 1942: The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Prentice Hall, 1087 pp.
Figure 12-9 – Data from H.U. Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson and R. H. Fleming, 1942: The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Prentice Hall, 1087 pp.
Figure 12-12 – Adapted from Everson, I., 1977: The living resources of the Southern Ocean. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Development Programme, 156 pp.
Figure 12-13 – Ocean Biology DAAC, 2026: Aqua-MODIS Level-3 Chlorophyll Concentration Seasonal Climatology. NASA GSFC, accessed 16 March 2026, https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/l3/.
Figure 12-15 – Walker, M.I., 2013: Live Marine Zooplankton. Pixels, accessed 16 March 2026, https://pixels.com/featured/live-marine-zooplankton-m-i-walker.html?srsltid=AfmBOophv3rYPLD5Z6SM70WOE7r_qoqOeAr1DQ4M9hY0B_N_GcZFOlLh.
Figure 12-16a – Zanette, D.I., 2002: Diatoms: eukaryotic algae, accessed 16 March 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diatomeas_w.jpg.
Figure 12-16b – Sampayo, M. A., 2007: Dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. Instituto de Oceanografia, Faculdade Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, accessed 16 March 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Noctiluca_scintillans_varias.jpg.
Figure 12-16c – Kuring. N., 2026: A bloom of coccolithophores seen from space, accessed 16 March 2026, https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/.
Figure 12-18a – Adapted from Valiela, I., 1984: Marine Ecological Processes. Springer-Verlag, 546 pp.
Figure 12-18b – Adapted from Hulburt, E. M., 2003: Phytoplankton in the southwestern Sargasso Sea and North Equatorial Current, February 1961. Limnol. Oceanogr., 7, 307–315 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1962.7.3.0307.
Figure 12-19a – Hopcroft, R., 2005: Male copopod. Hidden Ocean 2005 NOAA, accessed 16 March 2026, https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plankton/male-copepod.
Figure 12-19b – Wilson M., and J. Clark, 2013: Zooplankton. Euphausiid shrimp, popularly known as krill. NOAA NMFS AFSC, accessed 16 March 2026, https://www.noaa.gov/media/digital-collections-photo/fish3323jpg-0.
Figure 12-19c – Uwe kils, 2023: Amphipod image (possibly Ampeliscidae). Accessed 16 March 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amphipodredkils.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Figure 12-19d – Zeebe, R.E. and coauthors, 2008: Vital effects and beyond: a modelling perspective on developing palaeoceanographical proxy relationships in foraminifera. Spec. Publ. - Geol. Soc. London, 303, 45–58, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240675650_Vital_effects_and_beyond_a_modelling_perspective_on_developing_palaeoceanographical_proxy_relationships_in_foraminifera.
Figure 12-19e – OOI Regional Cabled Array, 2019: Radiolarian, accessed 16 March 2026, https://interactiveoceans.washington.edu/sea-life-image-gallery/.
Figure 12-20a – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Jelly Aurelia sp. in Jellyfish Lake in Palau.
Figure 12-20b – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Jelly, Cassiopeia andromeda, in Papua New Guinea, about 10–15 cm across.
Figure 12-20c – Islands in the Sea 2002, 2002: This tiny and very dangerous Portugese Man-O-War jellyfish was collected during one evening’s “night-lighting” samplings. NOAA OER, accessed 16 March 2026, https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02sab/logs/aug15/media/man_o_war.html.
Figure 12-20d – Raskoff, K.: Light refracts off the comb-rows of the ctenophore Mertensia ovum. NOAA OER Arctic Exploration 2002, accessed 16 March 2026, https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02arctic/logs/aug31/media/mertensia.html.
Figure 12-20e – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Colonial salp species in Indonesia.
Figure 12-21a – Wilson, M. and J. Clark, 2013: Zooplankton. Crustacean larva. NOAA NMFS AFSC, accessed 16 March 2026, https://www.noaa.gov/media/digital-collections-photo/pl23fish3307jpg.
Figure 12-21b – Alaska Sea Grant, 2015: Figure 7. King Crab Larvae, accessed 16 March 2026, https://seagrant.uaf.edu/research/projects/kingcrab/newsflash/2015/images/1504-king-crab-larvae-lg.jpg.
Figure 12-21c – Bruno C. Vellutini, 2005: Larva de estrela-do-mar!, accessed 16 March 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Larva_Bipinnaria.jpg, CC BY-SA 2.0.
Figure 12-22a – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Dogtooth tuna (Gymnosarda unicolor) in Papua New Guinea.
Figure 12-22b – Fagen, A, 2013. Schooling Pacific Sardine (Sardinops sagax). Flickr, accessed 16 March 2026, https://www.flickr.com/photos/afagen/11675890505.
Figure 12-22c – NOAA Fisheries, 2009: Atlantic cod fish, accessed 16 March 2026, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-cod/overview.
Figure 12-22d – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Flowery flounder (Bothus mancus) in Solomon Islands.
Figure 12-23a – Gross, T., 2006: Great white shark at Isla Guadalupe, Mexico, August 2006, accessed 16 March 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_shark.jpg.
Figure 12-23b – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Reef whitetip shark (Triaenodon obesus) with a sharksucker, or remora (Echeneis naucrates) attached in Papua New Guinea.
Figure 12-23c – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Gray reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) in Fiji.
Figure 12-23d – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), in Papua New Guinea.
Figure 12-23e – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) in Papua New Guinea.
Figure 12-23f – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Manta ray (Manta birostris) in the Philippines.
Figure 12-23g – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Nurse shark (Nebrius concolor) in the Philippines.
Figure 12-23h – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Blue-spotted rays (Taeniura lymma) in the Red Sea.
Figure 12-23i – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Torpedo ray (family Torpedinidae) in the Red Sea.
Figure 12-24a – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Common reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) in Indonesia and photographed at night.
Figure 12-24b – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Broadclub cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) in Indonesia.
Figure 12-24c – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Broadclub cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) in Papua New Guinea.
Figure 12-24d – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Stumpy spined cuttlefish (Sepia bandanensis) in Indonesia.
Figure 12-24e – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Nautilus (Nautilus pompilius) in Papua New Guinea, captured at a depth of several hundred meters.
Figure 12-24f – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Sectioned Nautilus shell.
Figure 12-25a – Adapted from Friends of the Earth, 1978: The Whale Manual. Brick House Pub Co.
Figure 12-25b – NOAA, 2007: CINMS blue whales, accessed 16 March 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CINMS_blue_whales_(48765952588).jpg.
Figure 12-25c – National Marine Sanctuaries, 2013: Humpback whale with her calf, accessed 16 March 2026, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Humpback_whale_with_her_calf.jpg.
Figure 12-25d – Pitman, R., 2005: Two mammal-eating "transient" killer whales, NOAA. Accessed 16 March 2026, https://apps-afsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/Quarterly/amj2005/divrptsNMML3.htm.
Figure 12-25e – Christman, B., 2003: Pacific white-sided dolphin leaping. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens. NOAA Corps, accessed 16 March 2026, https://www.noaa.gov/media/digital-collections-photo/anim0802jpg.
Figure 12-26 – Hinkel, D., 2016: Endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus), Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. USFWS Endangered Species Flickr, accessed 16 March 2026, https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsendsp/5104977481/in/photostream/.
Figure 12-27a – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) haul out on the rocks near Monterey, California
Figure 12-27b – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: A scientist measures the length of an adult male elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) at the Año Nuevo State Reserve, California.
Figure 12-27c – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: California sea lion (Zalophus californianus).
Figure 12-27d – Christman, B., 1978: Attentive walrus - Odobenus rosmarus divergens - inspecting photographer. NOAA. Accessed 16 March 2026, https://www.noaa.gov/digital-collections/photo-library/anim0030jpg.
Figure 12-27e – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in California.
Figure 12-28a – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Hawaii.
Figure 12-28b – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in Fiji.
Figure 12-28c – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Banded sea snake (Laticauda colubrine) in Indonesia.
Figure 12-28d – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Banded sea snake (Laticauda colubrine) in Indonesia.
Figure 12-28e – Hemminger, C. S., 1997: Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). With permission.
Figure 12-28f – Hemminger, C. S., 1997: Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). With permission.
Figure 12-29a – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), Fortuna Bay, South Georgia. Adults and molting juveniles
Figure 12-29b – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Herring gulls (Larus argentatus), California.
Figure 12-29c – Vinson, A., 1997: Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) in California. With permission.
Figure 12-29d – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in Monterey, California.