4.11.3: References
- Page ID
- 46452
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Figure 4-1 – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: An eruption of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō.
Figure 4-2 – Adapted from Robertson, E. C., 2011: The Interior of the Earth. USGS, accessed on 18 June 2025, https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/.
Figure 4-3 – Adapted from E. J. Tarbuck and F. K. Lugens, 1991, Earth Science, 6th Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, 528 pp.
Figure 4-7 – Adapted from Kious, W. J., and R. I. Tilling, R.I., 1996: This dynamic earth—The story of plate tectonics (online ed., ver. 1.20, 2015). U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, https://doi.org/10.3133/7000097.
Figure 4-8 – Adapted from Isacks, B., J. Oliver and L. R. Sykes, 1968: Seismology and the new global tectonics. J. Geophys. Res., 73, 5855–5899, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB073i018p05855.
Adapted from Barazangi, M., and J. Dorman, 1969: World seismicity maps compiled from ESSA, Coast and Geodetic Survey, epicenter data, 1961-1967. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 59, 369–380, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0590010369.
Figure 4-9 – Adapted from Pipkin, B. W., 1994: Geology and the Environment. West Publishing Company, 466 pp.
Figure 4-9 – Adapted from Scotese, C. R. and N. M. Wright, 2018: PALEOMAP Paleodigital Elevation Models (PaleoDEMS) for the Phanerozoic. EarthByte, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5348491.
Figure 4-10 – T. H. Van Andel, 1985: New Views of an Old Planet: Continental Drift and the History of the Earth 1 Ed. Cambridge University Press, 324 pp.
Figure 4-11 – T. H. Van Andel, 1985: New Views of an Old Planet: Continental Drift and the History of the Earth 1 Ed. Cambridge University Press, 324 pp.
Figure 4-12 – Adapted from Kious, W. J., and R. I. Tilling, R.I., 1996: This dynamic earth—The story of plate tectonics (online ed., ver. 1.20, 2015). U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, https://doi.org/10.3133/7000097.
Figure 4-13a – Doukas, M., 1980: July 22, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens sent pumice and ash 6 to 11 mi (10-18 km) into the air, and was visible in Seattle, Washington (100 mi/160 km north). USGS Volcano Hazards Program, accessed 18 June 2025, https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/july-22-1980-eruption-mount-st-helens-sent-pumice-and-ash-6.
Figure 4-13b – Harlow, D., 1991: The June 12, 1991 eruption column from Mount Pinatubo taken from the east side of Clark Air Base. USGS Volcano Hazards Program, accessed 18 June 2025, https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/june-12-1991-eruption-column-mount-pinatubo-taken-th.
Figure 4-13c – Glicken, H., 1980: Mount St. Helens on May 17, 1980, one day before the devastating eruption. The view is from Johnston's Ridge, six miles (10 kilometers) northwest of the volcano. USGS Volcano Hazards Program, accessed 18 June 2025, https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/mount-st-helens-may-17-1980-one-day-devastating-er.
Figure 4-13d – Glicken, H., 1980: MSH80 st helens from johnston ridge 09-10-80. USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Wikipedia, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/MSH80_st_helens_from_johnston_ridge_09-10-80.jpg, Public Domain.
Figure 4-16 – Adapted from Kious, W. J., and R. I. Tilling, R.I., 1996: This dynamic earth—The story of plate tectonics (online ed., ver. 1.20, 2015). U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, https://doi.org/10.3133/7000097.
Figure 4-19 – Arctic Exploration 2002, 2002: International bathymetric chart of the Arctic Ocean, with locations of proposed expeditions of the International Survey of Arctic Ridges and Basins. NOAA/OER, accessed 24 June 2025, https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02arctic/background/plan/media/arctic_bath.html.
Figure 4-20 – Adapted from Kious, W. J., and R. I. Tilling, R.I., 1996: This dynamic earth—The story of plate tectonics (online ed., ver. 1.20, 2015). U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, https://doi.org/10.3133/7000097.
Figure 4-24 – Segar, D., and E. Stamman Segar, 1997: The 1983 eruption of Pu‘u‘ō‘ō.
Figure 4-25a – Clague, D. A., and G. B. Dalrymple, 1987: The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain. Volcanism in Hawaii, Part 1, R. W. Decker, T. L. Wright, and P. H. Stauffer, Eds. 5–100, https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1987/1350/pdf/chapters/pp1350_ch1.pdf.
Figure 4-27 – Adapted from Dewey, J. F. and J. M. Bird, 1970: Plate tectonics and geosynclines. Tectonophysics, 10, 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(70)90050-8.
Figure 4-28 – NASA World Wind, 2006: Orona Atoll. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orona_Atoll.png#/media/File:Orona_Atoll.png.
Figure 4-29 – Adapted from P.R. Pinet, 1992: Oceanography, an introduction to the planet Oceanus. West Publishing Company, 350 pp.
Figure 4-30 – NASA, Johnson Space Center, 2003: Bora Bora ISS006. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bora_Bora_ISS006.jpg.
Figure 4-31 – Adapted from Van Andel, T. H., 1985: New views on an old planet, continental drift and the history of earth. Cambridge University, 324 pp.
Figure 4-32a – Data from Cross-Chapter Box 2.1, Figure 1 in IPCC, 2021: Chapter 2. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. V. Masson-Delmotte, and Coauthors, Eds. Cambridge University Press, 287–422, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.004
Figure 4-32b – Data from Bintanja, R., R.S.W. van de Wal, and J. Oerlemans. 2005. Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years. Nature, 437, 125–128, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03975.
Figure 4-32c – Data from Bintanja, R., R.S.W. van de Wal, and J. Oerlemans. 2005. Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years. Nature, 437, 125–128, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03975.
Figure 4-34a – Data from Bintanja, R., R.S.W. van de Wal, and J. Oerlemans. 2005. Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years. Nature, 437, 125–128, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03975.
Figure 4-34b – Data from Bintanja, R., R.S.W. van de Wal, and J. Oerlemans. 2005. Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years. Nature, 437, 125–128, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03975.
Figure 4-34c – Data from GISTEMP Team, 2025: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 24 June 2025, https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.
Figure 4-34c – Data from Willis, J. K., and Coauthors, 2025: NASA-SSH Global Mean Sea Level from Simple Gridded Sea Surface Height. Ver. 1. Dataset accessed 24 June 2025, https://doi.org/10.5067/NSIND-GMSV1.