4.7: Detailed Figure Descriptions
- Page ID
- 21497
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Figure 4.1.5
This diagram illustrates how strike and dip are measured on an inclined surface. Here, a water line intersects tilted sedimentary beds. This is the orientation of strike. Dip is perpendicular to the strike line and points downslope. Strike and dip are indicated by a “T” shaped symbol where the top of the T indicates strike and the stem of the T indicates dip. The dip angle is written next to the strike and dip symbol. In this example, the dip is 20 degrees so a 20 is written next to the symbol.
Box Figure 4.4.1
This is a poster with many layers of information describing the sequence of earthquakes in the Searles Valley area of California that occurred in July 2019. The information on the poster is dated July 15, 2019.
The initial information is the total number of earthquakes recorded since July 4, 2019 that are above magnitude 2 is 3,557 earthquakes.
The first major earthquake recorded, M6.4 12 km W of Searles Valley, CA, would turn out to be a foreshock of an even larger earthquake. The basic statistics for it are:
- it occurred at 2019-07-04 17:33:49 (UTC).
- and 51,000+ responses via Did You Feel It?
The second major earthquake recorded, M7.1 18 km W of Searles Valley, CA, is the main shock of the earthquake sequence. The basic statistics for it are:
- it occurred at 2019-07-06 03:19:53 (UTC).
- 42,000+ responses via Did You Feel It?
Examining all of the earthquakes recorded in the sequence there were 631 M3+ earthquakes (this is strong enough to be felt by humans) and 5 M5+ earthquakes (large enough to do damage) as of July 15, 2019.
The aftershock forecast as of July 15, 2019, is: Be ready for more earthquakes.
The predictions for the next week, ending July 22, 2019 are:
The possibility of earthquakes M3+ is >99%. 23–52 such earthquakes may occur re-invigorated by larger aftershock.
The possibility of earthquakes M5+ is 30%. 0-3 such earthquakes may occur.
The possibility of earthquakes M6+ is 4%. While such an earthquake is possible, but the probability is low.
The possibility of an earthquake M7+ is <1%. there is a low probability, 1 in 300 chance, that such an earthquake will occur.
This forecast was issued: 2019-07-15 16:31:15 (UTC) and will be updated on or before 2019-07-22 16:31:15 (UTC).
SCIENCE IN ACTION is the heading for the photos on the poster.
The background of the poster is from Highway 178 SW of Trona. It was taken earlier in the morning of July 6, 2019 after the M7.1 earthquake struck eastern California, southwest of Searles Valley, near Ridgecrest, CA and shows the fault scarp.
Top right photo is of scientists from the US Geological Survey the California Geological Survey, a Navy escort (part of the affected area is on a Navy installation), and a UCLA engineer from the GEER team, inspecting a ~12 +/- 3 foot high fault scarp with from 3 to 5 feet of right-lateral motion near the expected maximum slip locality along the primary tectonic rupture associated with the M 7.1 event.
Bottom right photo is a closeup of a US Geological Survey scientist measuring a fault offset on California State Route 178 following the M6.4 of July 4, 2019.
Bottom left photo is US Geological Survey Seismologists Alan Yong and Elizabeth Cohcran conducting field work, setting out a portable seismic pack, near the main fault rupture between Trona and Ridgecrest California.
Figure 4.5.2
Two different orientations for pendulum seismometers. These sensors work by having a mass suspended on either a lever arm (horizontal) or from a spring (vertical). The mass is attached to a stylus or a pen which marks paper on a rotating drum. The drum is on a threaded axle which is attached to a clock drive which controls its rotation.
Figure 4.5.9
2023 Map of the United States predicting the chance of shaking equivalent to Modified Mercalli Intensity VI or more from an earthquake during the next 100 years. The intensity scale in the legend is color coded from >95% to <5%. The areas with the >95% chance include almost all of California east of the Sierras, and most of south-central Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, and the Big Island of Hawaii.
Areas of 75-95% include most of the rest of California with the exception of the Sierras, the Cascades, and the Modoc Plateau. Areas outside of California are western Nevada, the greater Seattle metropolitan area; the tri-state area where Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee meet; the Yellowstone area of Wyoming, Nevada, and Idaho; central Maui in Hawaii; the North Slope, and most of the rest of southern Alaska.
Areas of 50-75% include: the California Owens Valley and areas east of the Sierras, and the Cascades; the Oregon coast; the Washington Olympic Peninsula; the greater Port Clarence area and the Fort Yukon area of Alaska; Utah’s Wasatch front; central Idaho; and the midcontinent area surrounding the 75-95% at the junction of the tri-state area where Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee meet; and the rest of Maui, and the islands of Kahoolawe, Lanai, and western Molokai in Hawaii.
The rest of the United States has less than a 50% of experiencing such shaking.
Major population centers are also superimposed on the map.