11: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
- Page ID
- 29115
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- Summarize the factors that influence the nature of metamorphic rocks.
- Explain how foliation forms in metamorphic rocks.
- Classify metamorphic rocks based on their texture and mineral content and explain the origins of both.
- Describe settings where metamorphic rocks form and explain the links to plate tectonics.
- Describe the different types of metamorphism, including burial metamorphism, regional metamorphism, seafloor metamorphism, subduction zone metamorphism, contact metamorphism, shock metamorphism, and dynamic metamorphism.
- Explain how metamorphic facies and index minerals are used to characterize metamorphism in a region.
- Explain why fluids are important for metamorphism, and describe what happens during metasomatism.
- 11.1: Controls on Metamorphic Processes
- This page discusses factors influencing metamorphic processes, including the parent rock's chemical composition, temperature, pressure, fluid presence, and duration of conditions. It highlights how parent rocks of various types can affect mineral stability and reactions, and describes key polymorphs as indicators of metamorphic conditions.
- 11.2: Foliation and Rock Cleavage
- This page discusses foliation in rocks, a process caused by uneven pressure that aligns minerals and can lead to new crystal formation during metamorphism. Foliated rocks retain signs of original bedding and exhibit predictable breaking patterns, known as rock cleavage, due to their elongated crystals. Slate is highlighted as an example of a foliated rock, breaking into flat pieces, which makes it suitable for use in roofing materials.
- 11.3: Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
- This page describes the classification of metamorphic rocks into foliated and non-foliated types, detailing examples like slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, marble, and quartzite. Foliated rocks show varying degrees of foliation based on metamorphic grade, while non-foliated rocks form under uniform pressure. The origins of hornfels from sedimentary protoliths are discussed, along with the stability of rocks like granite and limestone.
- 11.4: Types of Metamorphism and Where They Occur
- This page covers various types of metamorphism influenced by pressure, temperature, and fluids. It details burial, regional, seafloor, subduction zone, and contact metamorphism, highlighting their distinct conditions and resulting rock forms. Additionally, it addresses contact, shock, and dynamic metamorphism, focusing on heat from intrusions, extraterrestrial impacts, and high shear stress in fault zones.
- 11.5: Metamorphic Facies and Index Minerals
- This page explores metamorphic facies, categorizing metamorphic rocks based on similar pressure and temperature conditions while originating from different protoliths. It emphasizes the role of geothermal gradients in shaping metamorphic environments, including volcanic areas and subduction zones. The use of index minerals, which remain stable within certain temperature ranges, is introduced as a tool for identifying metamorphic zones.
- 11.6: Metamorphic Hydrothermal Processes and Metasomatism
- This page explores the impact of magma heat on nearby rocks through contact metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. As magma cools, it emits mineral-rich water, causing chemical changes in surrounding rocks and forming mineral veins.
- 11.7: Chapter 11 Summary and Key Term Check
- This page covers Chapter 10, which explores metamorphic processes and their controlling factors, such as parent rock composition, temperature, pressure, fluids, and time. It explains how foliation occurs under non-uniform pressure and classifies metamorphic rocks by texture and composition, highlighting foliated rocks like slate and schist and non-foliated ones like marble.