13.6: Review and Additional Resources
- Page ID
- 21778
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Review and assess your learning. Start with the "Important Terms and Concepts" to ensure you know the terminology related to the topic of the chapter and concepts discussed. Finally, test your overall understanding by taking the "Self-assessment quiz".
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- glaciation
- great ice sheets waxed and waned over the surface
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- glacier
- a natural accumulation of land ice showing movement at some time
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- firn
- granular form; transistion stage between snow and ice
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- zone of accumulation
- the portion of the glacier over which accumulation exceeds ablation
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- Zone of ablation
- where loss of ice mass is greater than accumulation
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- equilibrium line
- boundary between zone of accumulation and zone of ablation
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- crevasse
- a deep crack, crevice, or fissure found in a glacier
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- internal deformation
- Under the weight of accumulating ice,the ice is deformed and begins to move by pseudo-plastic flow
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- basal slip
- Glaciers slip over the surface lubricated by meltwater at their base
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- crushing
- glaciers detach material from the surface by crushing the underlying bedrock
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- quarry
- aka plucking; freezing around and into fractures, then lifting it from the surface
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- striations
- fine scratches left in bedrock by abrasion
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- grooves
- ground into the bedrock in the direction of ice movement
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- chatter marks
- crescent-shaped marks left by chipping of bedrock
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- polished bedrock
- caused by the constant abrasion of exposed rock
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- glacial drift
- sediment transported and deposited by a glacier
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- till
- deposited directly by a glacier
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- stratified drift
- sorted sediment deposited by glacier
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- moraine
- a glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated debris
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- terminal moraine
- an end moraine that marks the furthest advance of the ice sheet
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- interlobate moraine
- form between lobes of the ice sheet
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- ground moraine
- till deposited beneath a steadily retreating glacier that was lodged beneath the glacier and generally found behind the terminal moraine
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- recessional moraine
- deposited when the ice sheet pauses during retreat
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- outwash plain
- forms ahead of the terminal moraine as melt water from the snout of a glacier deposits stratified drift.
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- kettle
- its in the surface that may or may not be occupied by water. They form when an isolated block of ice is surrounded by till or stratified drift.
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- kame
- steep mounds or conical hills built by the deposition of stratified drift in or around ice
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- esker
- sinuous ridges of glacio-fluvial material that form in tunnels in an ice sheet
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- drumlin
- stream-lined hills that appear separately or in "swarms".
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- cirque
- a huge, amphitheater-like depression at the valley head
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- tarn
- a small lake formed after a glacier melts away
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- horn
- a pyramid-shaped peak
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- glacial trough
- valley takes on the characteristic U-shaped
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- hanging valley
- When tributary valleys are left hanging at a higher elevation above the main valley floor as a result of more intensive downward cutting by the main valley glacier
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- arête
- a serrated ridge
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- rock step
- composed of the more resistant rocks with small depression behind them where the weaker rock is exposed
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- staircase lakes
- rock steps occupied with water
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- lateral moraine
- Glacial till deposited along the valley sides
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- medial moraine
- When lateral moraines merge upon entering a main glacial trough
Additional Resources
Use these resources to further explore the world of geography
Multimedia
"USGS Public Lecture Series: Baked Alaska--What's Happening to the Glaciers in Alaska?" (September, 2009)
"Glaciers" (Annenberg/CPB) from the site: "Many of the world’s most beautiful landscapes were made by glaciers. This program shows how, explaining glacial formation, structure, movement, and methods of gouging and accumulating earth. The program provides images of glaciers and glacial landforms such as moraines, and discusses how study of glaciers may help us understand ice ages and the greenhouse effect." (30:00) Go to the Earth Revealed site and scroll to "Glaciers". One-time, free registration may be required to view film.
Activity
"What's Happening to Alaska's Glaciers? Their Dynamic Response to Changing Climate and Other Factors" Dr. Bruce Molina (USGS) Descriptive Flyer pdf.
"Snowball Earth" National Geographic
Visualization
Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World (USGS)
Readings
Glaciers on Mt. Rainier (USGS Open-File Report 92-474) Brief overview of Mt. Rainier's glaciers including, glacier flow, glaciers and climate, and history of glacier fluctuations.