11.5: Review and Additional Resources
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Review and assess your learning. Start with the "Important Terms and Concepts" to ensure you know the terminology related to the topic of the chapter and concepts discussed. Finally, test your overall understanding by taking the "Self-assessment quiz".
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- volcano
- an opening in the surface of the Earth from which magma and associated gases and ash erupt; also, the form or structure, sometimes conical, that is produced by the ejected material.
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- central vent
- The main conduit through which magma moves toward the surface
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- crater
- sits at the top of a volcano and is the location where much of the lava, gas, rock fragments and ash are ejected from
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- caldera
- massive craters created when pressure builds inside the volcano until the top is literally blown off, magma drains back into the central vent and the top of the cone collapses in
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- magma chamber
- a huge, subterranean caldron of molten rock that is less dense than the surrounding rock and rises to the surface
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- lava
- molten rock above the surface
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- lateral vent
- found on the sides of some volcanoes where lava is extruded
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- pyroclastic flow
- fast-moving gas and fragments of rock having temperatures of 500 oC rushing down the flanks of a volcano at speeds reaching 100 km/hr, carbonizing all in their path.
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- hot spot
- places where a chamber of magma has accumulated at depth beneath the surface
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- midocean Ridge
- oceanic plates are diverging and magma spreads across the ocean floor, ultimately being exposed at the surface
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- effusive eruption
- those that create vast lava flows of low viscosity, fluid lava. Magma associated with effusive-type eruptions is relatively low in silica and thus "easily" flows up the vent and spreads across the surface
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- shield volcano
- a product of effusive eruptions; as the fluid lava flows out onto the surface, it spreads out and cools into a broad, low-angled slope.
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- Pahoehoe lava
- has a glistening, ropy like appearance as it moves and cools
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- AA lava
- more pasty than pahoehoe and forms a sharp, clinkery, rough surface
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- explosive eruption
- common to volcanoes with very viscous lava and high amounts of gas under pressure. Magma is high in silica, thus more viscous
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- cinder cone
- primarily composed of layers of pyroclastic material built from rock fragments once lodged in the central vent of the volcano
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- composite (Stratovolcano)
- produce explosive eruptions; form from alternating eruptions dominated by pyroclastics or lava; display layers of alternating flows
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- lahar
- Mudflows or debris flows resulting from when hot pyroclastic material melts snowpacks, or fresh pyroclastic deposits are mobilized by heavy rains
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- Nuees Ardentees
- noxious gases and fine particulate matter; aka "glowing clouds or avalanches"
Additional Resources
Focus on The Physical Environment: "Cascades Volcanoes: When Sleeping Giants Wake" (KSPS Public TV)
Physical Geography Today: Weekly Volcanic Activity (Smithsonian & USGS)
Multimedia
Volcanism Earth Revealed (Annenberg/CPB) from the site: "Volcanoes provide clues about what is going on inside Earth. Animations illustrate volcanic processes and how plate boundaries are related to volcanism. The program also surveys the various types of eruptions, craters, cones and vents, lava domes, magma, and volcanic rock. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens serves as one example." Go to the Earth Revealed site and scroll to "Volcanism". One-time, free registration may be required to view film.
"Volcanoes" - Talk of the Nation - Science Friday (NPR) segment from August 2, 1996 explores how and where volcanoes form and how to predict eruptions with geologists from the Cascade Volcano Observatory and others. (RealAudio required)
Underwater Lava "Host Noah Adams talks with Christopher Fox, of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) about underwater equipment that was monitoring a nearby volcano. It got covered with molten lava, but is still working. The instrument records pressure and temperature variations -- it also has a camera, and captured the eruption in movie form, viewable under the title 'lava flow animation' on https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo/explorer/rumble.html". (4:00)
Readings
Tracking a Volcano (NASA EOS) Volcanologists use satellites to measure the average temperature of lava flows and determine the rate at which the magma is coming out of the ground.
Web Sites
Anatomy of Nyriragongo (NOVA - PBS) Explore the main features of Nyiragongo and learn what risks it poses to the 500,000 people who live in its shadow.
Cascades Volcano Observatory (USGS) Wealth of information, photos, data and other reference materials related to volcanoes.
Deadly Volcanoes (NOVA - PBS) Revisit some of the worst volcanic disasters of the past 400 years.
Volcanoes of the World - wealth of information, QTVR, video clips, virtual field trips to volcanoes.
Volcano World - the Web's premier volcano site.