10.4: Review and Additional Resources
- Page ID
- 21760
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Review and assess your learning. Start with the "Important Terms and Concepts" to ensure you know the terminology related to the topic of the module and concepts discussed. Move on to the "Review Questions" to answer critical thinking questions about concepts and processes discussed in the module. Finally, test your overall understanding by taking the "Self-assessment quiz".
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- tectonic plates
- aka lithospheric or crustal plates; make up the surface of the lithosphere
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- plate tectonics
- the process of plate formation, movement, and destruction
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- continental drift
- the movements of continents over the Earth's surface
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- sea-floor spreading
- the creation new oceanic plate material and movement away from the midocean ridge
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- Pangea
- the one "super-continent"; the past configuration of the continents
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- exotic terrain
- new land that has been formed somewhere else and moved to its present location
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- midocean ridge
- the longest continuous mountain system on Earth
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- mantle convection currents
- the mechanism that drives continental drift; created by heat trapped beneath the Earth's surface
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- magnetic reversal
- a series of "flips" when the polarity of the rocks reversed
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- subduction zone
- where more dense plates dive beneath lighter, less dense crustal plates
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- spreading boundary
- occurs where plates are moving away (diverging) from one another
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- convergent boundary
- located where subduction is active and the lithosphere is being "consumed". This occurs where two plates collide with one another
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- transform boundary
- where plates are grinding past one another, like the San Andreas fault
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- plate boundary zone
- broad belts in which boundaries are not well defined and the effects of plate interaction are unclear
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- Ring of fire
- extends from the west coast of the United States toward the Aleutian Islands and over to Japan; a good example of volcano activity associated with the margins of plates
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- strain
- change in shape as a result of imposing a stress
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- elastic deformation
- Like a rubber band, if the stress is released before reaching the yield point, the rock material will return to its original shape
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- brittle failure
- under low temperature and pressure conditions, once the rock reaches its yield point it will break; or if stress is imposed suddenly
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- plastic deformation
- once the rock changes shape and if stress is released, it will not return to its original form
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- folding
- occurs when rock is compressed, as it is along colliding plate boundaries
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- anticline
- Upturned folds
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- syncline
- down turned folds
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- symmetrical fold
- near-vertical axial planes and gently dipping limbs of about the same angle are a product of gentle compression
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- overturned fold
- If the compression is more pronounced from one direction
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- recumbent fold
- When extreme directed pressure lay the fold over with its axial plane nearly horizontal with the surface
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- fault
- a fracture along which movement occurs
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- fault Plane
- The plane that extends into the earth and along which slippage occurs
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- fault dip
- the angle from horizontal that the fault plane makes
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- strike
- The map direction that the fault takes
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- fault scarp
- The steep face of an exposed block
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- fault line
- the trace of the fault along the surface
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- strike slip fault
- aka transform fault; those that primarily exhibit horizontal movement
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- dip slip fault
- those in which vertical displacement primarily occurs
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- transform fault
- aka strike slip fault; those that primarily exhibit horizontal movement
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- normal fault
- one in which the hanging wall falls down relative to the foot wall due to tensional stress
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- reverse fault
- the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall due to compression
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- graben
- forms when a block of rock falls between two faults
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- horst
- forms between two normal faults when a block of rock in the middle remains stationary and the blocks on either side subside
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- thrust fault
- a reverse fault at 45o angle
Additional Resources
Use these resources to further explore the world of geography
Focus on The Physical Environment: "Earth's Deadliest Earthquakes" (NOVA PBS)
Connections: "South Asia Disaster" News Hour with Jim Lehrer. See "Tsunami Warnings" at the site.
Physical Geography Today: Earthquakes Hazard Program - USGS
Multimedia
San Francisco 1906 Earthquake Science Friday (NPR) April 21, 2006 hour one. "One hundred years ago ..., San Francisco's ground began to shake. After the massive quake came the fire -- and when it was all over, the city lay in ruins, with thousands dead."
"Living with the Earth I" The Earth Revealed (Annenberg/CPB) (30:00) Go to the Earth Revealed site and scroll to "Living with the Earth I". One-time, free registration may be required to view film.
"Exotic Terrane" from the Open Video Project. "A geologic history of the Pacific Northwest that explains how islands near China accreted, or welded, themselves to the North American continent. Animations of the formation of North America explain the process. The video also visits Hells Canyon in Idaho. On-location interviews with an expert geologist add to the viewer's experience". File must be downloaded to view - 245 megabytes
"Faces of Earth: Assembling America" (American Geosciences Institute). "From the Pacific Northwest to the shores of the Atlantic seaboard, the breadth and scope of America is like no other place on Earth. Travel with geoscientists and explore how time and the forces of nature have shaped the continent and influence the life in the United States"
"Southern Appalachians" (USGS) Geology of the Southern Appalachians (24:34)
"The Seattle Earthquake" The News Hour with Jim Lehrer (PBS). A magnitude 6.8 earthquake shook the Pacific Northwest February 28, 2001, rattling windows from Vancouver to Salt Lake City. Read the transcript or watch the clip.
"Earthquakes" Science Friday (NPR) June 24, 2005 episode discusses a recent swarm of earthquakes in California and new studies of the New Madrid Seismic Zone. (17:44)
"Colliding Continents: - Naked Science. How were the continents formed?