2.7: Review and Additional Online Resources
- Page ID
- 21659
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Assess your learning. Start with the "Important Terms and Concepts" to ensure you know the terminology related to the topic of the chapter and concepts discussed. Finally, test your overall understanding by taking the "Self-assessment quiz".
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- Energy
- the ability to do work on matter
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- Potential Energy
- the energy of position
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- Kinetic Energy
- the energy of motion
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- Heat
- aka thermal energy; the total energy associated with random atomic and molecular motions of a substance
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- Calorie
- a unit of measurement for heat. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water through 1oC.
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- Specific Heat
- the heat required to raise the temperature of one unit substance (e.g., gram) through a particular temperature interval.
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- Joule
- unit of measurement for energy. One joule is the equivalent of one watt of power radiated or dissipated for one second.
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- Conduction
- the transfer of heat from warmer to colder portions of the mass in a solid
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- Convection
- heat is transferred by the circulation of molecules in fluids
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- Radiation
- the transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves.
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- Advection
- a term that is applied to the horizontal transfer of heat by the wind
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- Temperature
- a measure of the average kinetic energy level of a substance, the degree of hotness or coldness
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- Amplitude
- the height of the wave
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- Wavelength
- the distance between successive crests
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- Photon
- a bundle of energy
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- selective absorber
- absorbs only particular wavelengths of light
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- Shortwave radiation
- ultraviolet, visible, and a portion of infrared energy
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- Longwave radiation
- infrared, (like microwave, TV, radio waves)
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- Direct shortwave radiation
- shortwave radiation able to penetrate through the atmosphere without having been affected by constituents of the atmosphere in any way.
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- Diffuse Shortwave radiation
- shortwave radiation that has been scattered by gases in the atmosphere
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- Insolation
- the total incoming solar radiation
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- Albedo
- The proportion of light reflected from a surface
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- Net shortwave radiation
- the difference between incoming and outgoing shortwave radiation. K= (S+D) - (S+D)a
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- Terrestrial longwave radiation
- The energy absorbed by the surface is radiated from the Earth
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- Atmospheric counter-radiation
- long-wave radiation emitted from the earth to the atmosphere after it has absorbed the shorter-wave radiation of the sun.
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- Net radiation
- the difference between incoming (i.e., S and L↓) and outgoing components of radiation (S+D)a and L↑: Q*= [(S+D) - (S+D)a] + L↓ - L↑
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- Sensible heat transfer
- heat energy transferred between the surface and air when there is a difference in temperature between them
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- Latent heat transfer
- transfer of energy where temperature does not change/cannot be sensed
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- Ground heat transfer
- The transfer of energy to and from the surface
Additional Resources
Focus on The Physical Environment: "Arbiters of Energy" (NASA Earth Observatory)
World of Change: Solar Activity
Multimedia
Particles and Waves (Annenberg/CPB:) The Mechanical Universe "Evidence that light can sometimes act like a particle leads to quantum mechanics, the new physics." Go to The Mechanical Universe site and scroll to "Particles and Waves". One-time free registration may be required.