Table of Contents Last updated Save as PDF Page ID13095 1: Introduction to Oceanography1.1: Why should we study the Oceans?1.2: Types of Oceanographic Study2: Introduction to Science2.1: Scientific Investigation2.2: Science Experiments2.3: Scientific Theories3: Ocean Exploration3.1: Early Trade and Navigation3.2: Explorers and Oceanographers3.3: Voyages for Oceanography3.4: Modern Ocean Science4: Origin of the Earth and Ocean4.1: Origin of Earth and the Solar System4.2: Origin of the Oceans5: Basic Geography5.1: Latitude and Longitude6: Ocean Basins6.1: Overview of the Oceans6.2: Continental Margins6.3: Marine Provinces6.4: Mapping the Seafloor7: Ocean Sediments7.1: Classifying Sediments7.2: Lithogenous Sediments7.3: Biogenous Sediments7.4: Hydrogenous Sediments7.5: Sediment Distribution8: Plate Tectonics8.1: Continental Drift8.2: Plates and Plate Motions8.3: Types of Plate Boundaries8.4: Divergent Plate Boundaries8.5: Convergent Plate Boundaries8.6: Transform Plate Boundaries8.7: Seamounts and Hot Spots8.8: Paleomagnetic Evidence for Plate Tectonics9: Chemical Oceanography9.1: In Your Room9.2: What is Matter?9.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State—Solid, Liquid, and Gas9.4: Cutting Aluminum until you get Atoms9.5: The Structure of Atoms9.6: Unique properties of water9.7: Properties of Water9.8: Salinity Patterns9.9: Oxygen9.10: Carbon Dioxide and pH9.11: Nitrogen and Nutrients10: Atmospheric Circulation10.1: How is Earth Heated10.2: Winds and the Coriolis Effect10.3: Winds and Climate10.4: Hurricanes11: Ocean Circulation11.1: Density11.2: Salinity Patterns11.3: Thermohaline Circulation11.4: Surface Gyres11.5: The Gulf Stream11.6: The Ekman Spiral and Geostrophic Flow11.7: Western Intensification11.8: Currents, Upwelling and Downwelling11.9: El Niño and La Niña12: Waves12.1: Waves12.1.1: Wave Basics12.1.2: Waves at Sea12.1.3: Waves on the Shore12.1.4: Tsunamis13: Tides13.1: Tides13.1.1: Tidal Forces13.1.2: Dynamic Theory of Tides13.1.3: Tide Classification14: Coasts and Estuaries14.1: Coastal Oceanography14.1.1: Beaches14.1.2: Longshore Transport14.1.3: Landforms of Coastal Erosion14.1.4: Landforms of Coastal Deposition14.1.5: Human Interference with Shorelines14.1.6: Estuaries14.1.7: Sea Level Change15: Introduction to Marine Life15.1: How do we categorize living things?15.2: Explaining the Diversity of Life15.3: Life in the Ocean15.4: Phylum Porifera15.5: Phylum Cnidaria15.6: Phylum Annelida15.7: Phylum Arthropoda15.8: Phylum Mollusca15.9: Phylum Echinodermata15.10: Phylum Chordata15.11: Zones of Marine Environments16: Plankton, Productivity and Energy Transfer16.1: Primary Production16.2: The Producers16.3: Factors Influencing Production16.4: Patterns of Primary Production16.5: Food Chains and Food Webs17: Seaweeds and Marine Plants17.1: Kelp Forest Ecosystems17.2: Mangrove Ecosystems17.3: Seagrass Beds18: Coral Reefs18.1: Coral Reefs- An Introduction18.2: Different Types of Corals18.3: Reef Types and How Coral Reefs are Formed18.4: Symbiotic Relationships in Coral Reef Ecosystem18.5: Importance of Coral Reefs19: Marine Communities19.1: Marine Community Zones19.2: Intertidal Zone- Rocky Shore19.3: Intertidal Zone- Sandy / Mudflat shores19.4: Subtidal Zone19.5: Oceanic Zone19.6: Deep Sea20: Marine Vertebrates20.1: Ichthyology20.2: Seabirds20.3: Sea Turtles20.4: Marine Mammals21: Climate Change21.1: Greenhouse Effect21.2: Climate Change21.3: Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Ocean AcidificationBack MatterIndexGlossaryGlossary
