6.1: Reading/Media

Artist's representation of the Port of Eridu on the ancient Euphrates rive in southern Mesopotamia. The change of course of the river at 3,000 BP left the region in a desert. (World History Encyclopedia.)

Irrigation Canals for Agriculture in Euphrates-Era Mesopotamia, 3,000 BP

Excerpts from "Identifying the preserved network of irrigation canals in the Eridu region, southern Mesopotamia" by J. Jotheri, M. Rokan, A. Al-Ghanim et al. Antiquity 99, 405 (2025). CC BY 4.0

Excerpt: Rivers in the Mesopotamian floodplain (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)) are the primary water source for irrigation, and farmers in the past needed to have basic skills in diverting water from rivers to their farms. These skills developed from simpler methods, such as digging a few metres of canal over a crevasse splay (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)) and developed over time with knowledge and experience passed from one generation to another, eventually resulting in canals 100km long. Two natural geomorphological characteristics made the rivers of the Mesopotamian floodplain manageable for early farmers. First, the rivers’ highly elevated levees enable water to flow by gravity to irrigate the surrounding agricultural land. Second, the formation of crevasse splays (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)), natural or artificial breaks in the river levee, releases water directly onto the floodplain through a fissure channel. However, most of our knowledge about irrigation and farming in southern Mesopotamia still comes from indirect evidence, such as cuneiform tablet texts.

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Topographic map of the Mesopotamian floodplain, drawn using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data, showing the location of the Eridu Region and the networks of modern and ancient rivers and canals in the floodplain. (From Jotheri et al. 2025.)

Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): An example of a contemporary crevasse splay on the modern Euphrates 30km north-east of the Eridu Region: A) Corona satellite image taken in 1968; B) the reconstructed crevasse splay, illustrating how farmers can modify a crevasse splay, dig irrigation canals, build a barrage to control the flooded water and claim land for farming in southern Mesopotamia. (From Jotheri et al. 2025.)

Most of the ancient irrigation canal networks now visible on the ground in modern Iraq belong to the Parthian and Sasanian periods (from the late first millennium BC) onward. The older irrigation networks were covered by the younger networks or the sedimentation of rivers. Consequently, little is known about earlier irrigation canals and associated farms—evidence as to size, shape, location and extent has largely been erased. By contrast, the Eridu region of southern Mesopotamia (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)) was occupied from the Early Ubaid until the Neo Babylonian periods (late sixth to early first millennium BC). A shift in the ancient course of the Euphrates River left this region dry and consequently unoccupied after the early first millennium BC until now. This has allowed the archaeological landscape of this region to remain intact and thus we were able to identify and map a vast, intensive and well-developed network of irrigation canals that pre-date the early first millennium BC.

The present study implemented a combination of geological, geomorphological, remote sensing, historical and archaeological approaches. Geological and geomorphological maps of the region were reviewed. Satellite images of different resolutions and times, including historic CORONA imagery, were consulted. Fieldwork was carried out, including the ground-checking of remote-sensing work and the collection of drone images and camera photography. Differentiation between natural and artificial canals includes consideration of canal patterns, topographic cross-sections, crevasse splays, marshes, meanders, cut-offs and oxbow lakes, and stream directions.

Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): The reconstructed irrigation canal network in context with the ancient Euphrates riverbed and the archaeological sites of the Eridu region. (From Jotheri et al. 2025.)

A vast and well-developed network of artificial irrigation canals, including more than 200 primary and large canals, was identified and mapped (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). The main canals are directly connected to the ancient course of the Euphrates and are between 1 and 9 km long, and between 2 and 5 m wide. Moreover, more than 4,000 minor and branch canals connected to the main canals are identified. The length of these branch canals is between 10 and 200 m while the width is between 1 and 2 m. More than 700 farms are identified, and minor or branch canals are typically found around the perimeter of each farm. The area of each farm is between 500 and 20,000m². It seems that the ancient course of the Euphrates stayed in its riverbed for most of the time the farms were occupied, only moving laterally within the riverbed. There were no avulsions or significant shifts of the river in the region during the period of occupation, allowing the primary canals to connect with the river continuously. Both sides of the river were canalised and farmed, although farmers exploited the northern side more heavily than the southern side.

This reconstructed network of irrigation canals represents the combined agricultural activities for all the periods of occupation in the region and it is unlikely that all of the canals were running simultaneously during the entire occupation period (i.e. from the sixth until the early first millennium BC). Canals require immense labour and experience in water management to operate successfully. Therefore, it is essential to conduct additional research on the chronology of the canals to better understand changes in the irrigation systems and agricultural landscape over time. Reconstruction of the ancient marshes in this region would also indicate any reclamation and exploitation activities. Finally, comparing the character and dimensions of the canals and farms with contemporaneous descriptions in the texts of the cuneiform tablets could provide additional, valuable insights into agricultural practices and management in the Euphrates floodplain and in Mesopotamia more broadly.

Key Geologic Concepts:

Floodplain; natural levee; crevasse splays.

Supplemental Materials:

Website: Eridu, World History Encyclopedia.