18.6: Sources
- Page ID
- 42033
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All figures by the author unless otherwise noted.
Figures 18.1.1 and 18.1.2: Fuss, S., et al. 2018. Negative emissions—part 2: costs, potentials and side effects. Environmental Research Letters 13, 063002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f. CC BY 3.0.
Figure 18.2.1: National Park Service photograph by J. Westfall. https://www .nps.gov/romo/learn/nature/deciduous_trees.htm.
Figure 18.2.2: Natural Resources Canada. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/ topics/state-canadas-forests-report/how-does-disturbance-shape-canadas -forests/indicator-carbon-emissions-and-removals/16552.
Figure 18.2.3: Donigan, A. S., Jr., et al. 1994. Assessment of Alternative Management Practices and Policies Affecting Soil Carbon in Agroecosystems of the Central United States. Publication No. EPA/600/R-94/067. Figure 1.3. US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.
Figure 18.2.4: © Jorge Royan / http://www.royan.com.ar. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...ng_leaves_in_a _farm,_New_Zealand_-_0025.jpg.
Figure 18.2.5: US Department of Energy. 2016. 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 1: Economic Availability of Feedstocks [Langholtz, M. H., Stokes, B. J., and Eaton, L. M. (Leads)]. ORNL/TM-2016/160. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Figure ES4. https://doi.org/10.2172/1271651. http://energy.gov/eere/ bioenergy/2016-billion-ton-report.
Figures 18.2.6 and 18.2.7: Photographs by Roger Aines.
Figure 18.3.1: French Ministry of Energy and Environment, de Rosbo, K., et al. 2014. Chemical Conversion of CO2. Overview. Quantification of Energy and Environmental Benefits and Economic Evaluation of Three Chemical Routes. McCoy, S. (trans.). Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Énergie, Angers, France. https://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/ documents/adm00013884_adm_attache1.pdf.
Figure 18.3.2: Image by skeeze on Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/ pumpjack-texas-oil-rig-pump-591934/.
Figure 18.3.3: (Left) Image from MIT News, Reuben Juanes. http://news.mit .edu/2007/co2-0207. (Right) US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Carbon Storage FAQS. https://www.netl.doe.gov/ coal/carbon-storage/faqs/carbon-storage-faqs#stored.
Figure 18.4.1: US Department of Energy. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ departmentofenergy/16384899360.
Figure 18.4.3: California Air Resources Board. https://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/ lcfs/lcfs.htm.
Figures 18.5.1 and 18.5.2: Sabine Fuss, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change. Used by permission.
Sources for the Text
18.1 Introduction
Fuss, S., et al. 2018. Negative emissions—part 2: costs, potentials and side effects. Environmental Research Letters 13, 063002.
Minx, J. C., et al. 2018. Negative emissions—part 1: research landscape and synthesis. Environmental Research Letters 13, 063001.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org /10.17226/25259.
18.2 Capturing CO2 from the Atmosphere
Crowther, T. W., et al. 2015. Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature 525, 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14967.
Pan, Y., et al. 2011. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333.
Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering. 2018, September. Greenhouse Gas Removal. DES5563_1. ISBN: 978-1-78252-349-9. royalsociety.org/ greenhouse-gas-removal, or raeng.org.uk/greenhousegasremoval.
US Department of Energy. 2016. 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 1: Economic Availability of Feedstocks [Langholtz, M. H., Stokes, B. J., and Eaton, L. M. (Leads)]. ORNL/TM-2016/160. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. https://doi.org/10.2172/1271651. http://energy.gov/eere/ bioenergy/2016-billion-ton-report.
Wilcox, J. 2018. A New Way to Remove CO2 from the Atmosphere. TED2018. https://www.ted.com/talks/jennifer_w...to_remove_co2_ from_the_atmosphere?language=en.
18.3 Storing CO2 Removed from the Air
ICEF. 2017. Carbon Dioxide Utilization (CO2U): ICEF Roadmap 2.0. https://www .icef-forum.org/platform/upload/CO2U_Roadmap_ICEF2017.pdf.
IPCC. 2005. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage [Metz, B., et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ carbon-dioxide-capture-and-storage/.
Kätelhön, A., et al. 2019. Climate change mitigation potential of carbon capture and utilization in the chemical industry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 116(23), 11187–11194. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1821029116.
US Department of Energy. Carbon Storage Research. https://www.energy.gov/ fe/science-innovation/carbon-capture-and-storage-research.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Class VI: Wells Used for Geologic Sequestration of CO2. https://www.epa.gov/uic/class-vi-wells-used-geo logic-sequestration-co2.
18.4 The California Story: Paying for Negative Emissions
California Air Resources Board. California’s Climate Plan. https://www.arb.ca .gov/cc/cleanenergy/clean_fs2.htm.
California Air Resources Board. Low Carbon Fuel Standard. https://www.arb .ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm.
18.5 Summary
Fuss, S., et al. 2018. Negative emissions—part 2: costs, potentials and side effects. Environmental Research Letters 13, 063002.
Hawken, P. (ed.). 2017. Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2019. GDP Longterm Forecast. https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-forecast.htm.
Simmons, A. M. 2016, April 22. The world’s trash crisis, and why many Americans are oblivious. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/ world/global-development/la-fg-global-trash-20160422-20160421-snap -htmlstory.html.