15.8: Sources
- Page ID
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Figure 15.1: Climate and Clean Air Coalition. http://www.ccacoalition.org/en/ science-resources.
Figure 15.2: Climate and Clean Air Coalition. http://www.ccacoalition.org/en/science-resources. Measures: United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya
Figure 15.1.1: Ramanathan, V., et al. 2017. Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change, 2017. http://fore.yale.edu/climate-change/science/ well-under-2-degrees-celsius/.
Figure 15.1.2: United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
Figure 15.2.1: United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
Figure 15.2.2: Photograph by V. Ramanathan.
Figure 15.2.3: Photographs from Climate and Clean Air Coalition. http:// www.ccacoalition.org/en/science-resources. Measures: United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
Figure 15.3.1: Global Methane Initiative. Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities. https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/ analysis_fs_en.pdf. Saunois, M., et al. 2016. The global methane budget 2000–2012. Earth System Science Data 8, 697–751. https://doi.org/10.5194/ essd-8-697-2016.
Figure 15.3.2: United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Summary for decision makers (p. 20). Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
Figure 15.3.3: Climate and Clean Air Coalition. http://www.ccacoalition.org/ en/science-resources. Measures: United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
Figure 15.6.1: The Antarctic Ozone Hole Will Recover (June 4, 2015). https:// svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30602. Figure produced by Eric R. Nash, NASA/GSFC SSAI and Paul A. Newman, NASA/GSFC, Ozone Hole Watch.
Figure 15.6.2: Zaelke, D., et al. 2018. Primer on HFCs. Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development. http://www.igsd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/01/HFC-Primer-v11Jan18.pdf.
Figure 15.6.3: Photograph by IISD/Kiara Worth. IISD Reporting Services. enb. iisd.org/ozone/resumed-oewg38-mop28/8oct.html.
Figure 15.6.4: World Meteorological Organization. 2018. Executive Summary: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 58. Figure ES-4: Scenarios of HFC emissions and global average surface-temperature response. WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Figure 15.6.5: Shah, N., et al. 2015. Benefits of Leapfrogging to Superefficiency and Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants in Air Conditioning. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
Sources for the Text
15.1 Why Should We Mitigate Short-Lived Climate Pollutants?
IPCC. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.
Ramanathan, V. 1975. Greenhouse effect due to chlorofluorocarbons: climatic implications. Science 190(4209), 50–52.
Ramanathan, V., et al. 2016. Chapter 1. Bending the curve: ten scalable solutions for carbon neutrality and climate stability. Collabra 2(1), 15. University of California Press, Oakland. http://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.55.
Ramanathan, V., et al. 2017. Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change, 2017. http:// fore.yale.edu/climate-change/science/well-under-2-degrees-celsius/.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2011. Near-term Climate Protection and Clean Air Benefits: Actions for Controlling Short-Lived Climate Forcers. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
Wagner, G., and Weitzman, M. L. 2015. Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Xu, Y., and Ramanathan, V. 2017. Well below 2°C: mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114(39), 10315–10323. https://doi .org/10.1073/pnas.1618481114.
15.2 Mitigating Black Carbon
Barone, T. et al. 2010. An Analysis of Field-Aged Particulate Filter Performance: Particle Emissions before, during and after Regeneration. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 60(8), 968–975. https://doi. org/10.3155/1047-3289.60.8.968
California Code of Regulations. Final Regulation Order. Title 13. Article 4.5. https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onrdie...TBFinalReg.pdf.
Ramanathan, V. 2013. Black Carbon and the Regional Climate of California. Report to the California Air Resources Board Contract 08-323. Retrieved from https://www.arb.ca.gov/research/rsc/...8dfr08-323.pdf.
United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
15.3 Mitigating Methane and
15.4 Mitigating Tropospheric Ozone
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California Public Utilities Commission. 2018, December 3. CPUC, CARB and Department of Food and Agriculture select dairy biomethane projects to demonstrate connections to gas pipelines (press release). http://docs .cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M246/K748/246748640.PDF.
Gould, T., and McGlade, C. 2017, October 3. Commentary: the environmental case for natural gas. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/ newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for -natural-gas.html.
OGJ Editors. 2018, September 24. OGCI sets first collective methane target. Oil & Gas Journal. https://www.ogj.com/articles/2018/09/ogci-sets-first -collective-methane-target.html.
Shindell, D. T., et al. 2017. The social cost of methane: theory and applications. Faraday Discussions 200, 429–451. https://doi.org/10.1039/ c7fd00009j.
United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Figure 2: Global atmospheric concentrations of methane over time. In Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases. https://www.epa.gov/ climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations -greenhouse-gases.
15.5 Mitigating Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Andersen, S. O., et al. 2014. The new business case for Secondary Loop Mobile A/C Systems (SL-MACs). ATA Italian Technical Magazine 67, 17–29. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269984844_ The_new_Business_Case_for_Secondary_Loop_Mobile_AC_Systems_SL -MACs.
Arkema. Forane FBA 1233zd Foam Blowing Agent. https://www.arkema.com/ en/products/product-finder/product-viewer/Forane-FBA-1233zd-foam -blowing-agent/3/.
Carvalho, S., et al. 2014. Alternatives to High-GWP Hydrofluorocarbons. Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development. http://www.igsd.org/ documents/HFCSharpeningReport.pdf.
Montzka, S. A., et al. 2015. Recent trends in global emissions of hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons: reflecting on the 2007 adjustments to the Montreal Protocol. Journal of Physical Chemistry 119, 4439–4449.
Natural Resources Defense Council. 2013. Cooling India with Less Warming: The Business Case for Phasing Down HFCs in Room and Vehicle Air Conditioners (issue paper). NRDC, New York, NY.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2011. 2010 Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee (RTOC). UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. https://acd-ext.gsfc.nasa.gov/Documents/ O3_Assessments/Docs/WMO_2010/2010assessment/RTOC_2010_ Assessment_Report.pdf.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2011. HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting Climate and the Ozone Layer. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2014. Compendium of Policies Governing Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). In Submissions by parties on the implementation of decision XIX/6. Open-ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Thirty-fourth meeting. Paris, 14–18 July 2014. UNEP/OzL.Pro. WG.1/34/INF/4/Add.2. http://conf.montreal-protocol.org/me...20available%20 in%20English%20onl/OEWG-34-INF4-Add2.pdf.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2014. Low-GWP Alternatives in Commercial Refrigeration: Propane, CO2 and HFO Case Studies. Retrieved from Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Resource Library. http:// www.ccacoalition.org/en/resources/low-gwp-alternatives-commercial -refrigeration-propane-co2-and-hfo-case-studies.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Benefits of Addressing HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016 -07/documents/benefits_of_addressing_hfcs_under_the_montreal_ protocol_2016.pdf.
US Environmental Protection Agency. SNAP Substitutes by Sector. https:// www.epa.gov/snap/snap-substitutes-sector.
Velders, G. J. M., et al. 2009. The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106(27), 10949–10954. Velders, G. J. M., et al. 2012. Preserving Montreal Protocol climate benefits by limiting HFCs. Science 335(6071), 922–923.
Velders, G. J. M., Solomon, S., and Daniel, J. S. 2014. Growth of climate change commitments from HFC banks and emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, 4563–4572.
Xu, Y., et al. 2013. The role of HFCs in mitigating 21st century climate change. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, 6083–6089.
Yang, Z. 2018. Fuel-Efficiency Technology Trend Assessment for LDVs in China: Thermal Management Technology. International Council on Clean Transportation. https://www.theicct.org/sites/defaul.../publications/ PV_Tech_Trend_Thermal_20180917_0.pdf.
Zaelke, D., et al. 2018. Primer on HFCs. Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development. http://www.igsd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/01/HFC-Primer-v11Jan18.pdf.
15.6 Mitigating HFCs: The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol
Andersen, S. O., Halberstadt, M. L., and Borgford-Parnell, N. 2013. Stratospheric ozone, global warming, and the principle of unintended consequences: an ongoing science and policy success story. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 63(6), 607–647.
Andersen, S. O., and Sarma, K. M. 2002. Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History. Routledge, London, UK.
Campbell, I., Kalanki, A., and Sachar, S. 2018. Solving the Global Cooling Challenge: How to Counter the Climate Threat from Room Air Conditioners. Rocky Mountain Institute. www.rmi.org/revolutionizing-the-air-conditioner.
Canan, P., et al. 2015. Introduction to the special issue on ozone layer protection and climate change: the extraordinary experience of building the Montreal Protocol, lessons learned, and hopes for future climate change efforts. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 5(2), 111–121.
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Hawken, P. (ed.). 2017. Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming. Penguin Books, New York, NY.
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Hunter, D., Salzman, J. E., and Zaelke, D. 2015. Chapter 10: Stratospheric ozone protection. In International Environmental Law and Policy (5th ed.). Foundation Press, St. Paul, MN.
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Molina, M., et al. 2009. Reducing abrupt climate change risk using the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory actions to complement cuts in CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106(49), 20616–20621.
Montzka, S. A., et al. 2018. An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11. Nature 557, 413–417.
OzonAction. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol: HFC Phase-down. United Nations Environment Programme. http://multimedia.3m.com/mws/ media/1365924O/unep-fact-sheet-kigali-amendment-to-mp.pdf.
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Rogelj, J., et al. 2015. Impact of short-lived non-CO2 mitigation on carbon budgets for stabilizing global warming. Environmental Research Letters 10(075001), 1–10.
Shah, N., et al. 2015. Benefits of Leapfrogging to Superefficiency and Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants in Air Conditioning. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
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Velders, G. J. M., et al. 2007. The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104(12), 4814–4819.
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Xu, Y., et al. 2013. The role of HFCs in mitigating 21st century climate change. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, 6083–6089.
Zaelke, D. J. 2019, January 2. Global agreement addressing ozone depletion will also bring large climate benefits. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https://thebulletin.org/2019/01/glob...dressing-ozone -depletion-will-also-bring-large-climate-benefits/.
Zaelke, D., Andersen, S. O., and Borgford-Parnell, N. 2012. Strengthening ambition for climate mitigation: the role of the Montreal Protocol in reducing short‐lived climate pollutants. Review of European, Comparative, and International Environmental Law 21(3), 231–242.
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